Does 'shame-proofing' anti-poverty programmes improve their effectiveness? Theory of change and impact policy evaluation in cross-national settings

我们的ESRC/DFID资助的研究（RES-167-25-0557）表明，与贫困相关的羞耻感无处不在，并且是其他人在与贫困人口打交道时强加的结构性羞耻感。羞耻感可能会通过侵蚀个人主体来使贫困永久化，而污名化的政策可能会适得其反，增加羞耻感的削弱作用。这项研究已经证明非常有影响力，产生重复，并将与贫困相关的羞耻感添加到ESRC“理解社会”研究所涵盖的主题中，继ESRC“英国贫困和社会排斥”调查中成功纳入问题之后。它还直接导致国际劳工组织（劳工组织）在2012年批准的关于社会保障的第202号建议中纳入了政府尊重社会保障接受者权利和尊严的原则。联合国引用这项研究来支持其关于极端贫困和人权的指导原则。然而，尽管之前的研究产生了一个模型，假设羞耻和耻辱可能会加剧贫困，但这项研究并不是为了提供随意关系的证据。因此，建议进行新的研究，以纠正这一遗漏，方法是检验经过“防风险”处理的社会保障政策相对于没有经过“防风险”处理的政策的效力。在乌干达、印度和中国同时进行复制，大大增强了测试的稳健性;每项评估对当地情况都很敏感，但由一个共同的理论框架形成，该框架具有标准化措施和可比方法的核心。在乌干达，变革评价理论采用诊断技术来检查政策的基本逻辑在实践中是否有效，这种理论与影响评价相结合，以衡量防风险措施的相对有效性（和资金价值）。将在中国和印度进行变革理论评价，并在劳工组织的财政支助下增加影响评价的前景，这项研究以同一研究小组目前进行的一项研究为基础，该研究由挪威研究理事会资助，目的是制定将在拟议研究中加以完善、执行和评价的防风险政策。评价将包括调查、深入访谈、重点小组、调查研究和提取行政记录。除了确定防贫措施是否具有成本效益，以及基础政策逻辑在实践中是否有效外，这项研究还将：1通过将贫困概念化为一个多维度，包括考虑到贫困动态的物质和心理社会层面，推进贫困研究。一个人在每个维度上的得分决定了他在某个时间点所经历的贫困的严重程度和性质，而不同时间的得分则反映了贫困的各个方面是如何因果关系的-例如，时间1的物质剥夺可能会增加与贫困相关的-2.2使用称为结构方程模型的统计技术系列来衡量上述定义的贫困，并建立有效性3让最终用户和其他人参与制定和完善符合劳工组织和联合国原则、同时反映当地需求和声音的防歧视政策。除了必要的主要利益攸关方讲习班外，还计划在乌干达、中国和印度举行进一步的政策研讨会和公开会议，以配合项目规划会议。关于贫穷与羞耻的关系和衡量的学术文章将附有政策出版物和执行符合劳工组织和联合国准则的政策的模板。总之，研究直接涉及三个ESRC/DFID Call问题中的两个：“进入和摆脱贫困的途径”和“政治和体制条件”以及两个跨领域问题：“结构性不平等”和“衡量”。

Our ESRC/DFID funded research (RES-167-25-0557) suggested that shame associated with poverty is ubiquitous and structural being imposed by others in their dealings with people in poverty. Shame may serve to perpetuate poverty through eroding individual agency, while policies that stigmatise could be counterproductive in adding to the debilitating effects of shame.This research has proved very influential, spawning replications and adding poverty-related shame to the topics covered by the ESRC 'Understanding Society' study, following the successful inclusion of questions in the ESRC 'Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK' survey. It also led directly to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) including the principle of governments having respect for the rights and dignity of social protection recipients in Recommendation 202 on social protection approved in 2012. The UN has cited the research to support its guiding principles on extreme poverty and human rights. However, while the previous research yielded a model hypothesising how shame and stigma might exacerbate poverty, the research was not designed to provide evidence of casual relationships. Hence, new research is proposed to rectify this omission by testing the effectiveness of social protection policies that have been 'shame-proofed' against those which have not. The robustness of the test is much enhanced by simultaneous replication in Uganda, India and China; each evaluation is sensitive to local circumstances, but shaped by a common theoretical framework with a core of standardised measures and comparable methods. In Uganda, theory of change evaluation, which employs diagnostic techniques to examine whether underlying logic of the policy works in practice, is combined with impact evaluation to measure the relative effectiveness (and value for money) of shame-proofing. Theory of change evaluations will be conducted in China and India with the prospect of impact evaluations being added with financial support from the ILO.The research builds on a current study undertaken by the same research team, funded by the Norwegian Research Council, to develop the shame-proofed policies that are to be refined, implemented and evaluated in the proposed research. The evaluation will entail a mix of surveys, depth interviews, focus groups, investigative research and extraction of administrative records. In addition to establishing whether shame-proofing is cost effective and whether the underpinning policy logic works in practice, the research will:1 Advance poverty studies by conceptualising poverty as a multi-dimensional embracing material and psycho-social dimensions that take account of poverty dynamics. A person's score on each dimension determines the severity and nature of the poverty experienced at a point in time while scores at different times reflect how aspects of poverty are causality related - for example, material deprivation at time 1 might increase poverty related-shame at time 2.2 Employ the family of statistical techniques called Structural Equation Models to measure poverty defined as above and to establish the effectiveness of social protection policies in reducing poverty.3 Engage end-users and others in developing and refining shame-proofed policies consistent with the ILO and UN principles that also reflect local needs and voices. Aside from the required Key Stakeholder Workshop, further policy seminars and public meetings are planned in Uganda, China and India to coincide with project planning meetings. Academic articles on the poverty-shame nexus and measurement will be accompanied by policy publications and templates for implementing policy consistent with ILO and UN guidelines.In sum, the research engages directly with two of the three ESRC/DFID Call questions: 'Pathways in and out of poverty' and 'Political and institutional conditions' and both cross cutting issues: 'Structural inequalities' and 'Measurement'.