Reporting by people with autism: A new evidence-based supportive model for information gathering in applied interview contexts

自闭症患者的报告：在应用访谈环境中收集信息的新的基于证据的支持模型

• 批准号: ES/N001095/1
• 负责人: Katie Maras
• 金额: $ 28.5万
• 依托单位: University of Bath
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FN001095%2F1
• 关键词: Reporting; people; autism; new; evidence

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed in around 1% of the population and presents a number of challenges to the day-to-day lives of these individuals as well as their families and support services. This project will provide an evidence base and guide improvements to existing methods used by professional groups to support those with ASD. This will take place in three important information-gathering contexts in which they are currently at a disadvantage. First, only around half of young adults with ASD have worked for pay outside the home - the lowest rate among disability groups. Performance in occupational interviews is a crucial determinant of employment prospects, yet the social, cognitive and communication difficulties of ASD mean they are often unable to perform to the best of their abilities in interviews. Second, people with ASD are more likely to have certain social and health-related issues and co-occurring conditions, and may therefore be more likely to visit health and social care professionals. However, difficulties with introspection and social communication are likely to make relaying relevant information difficult, unless their specific difficulties are appropriately supported. Finally, although individuals with ASD are over-represented in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) as both witnesses (victims) and suspects, current police interviewing models are ineffective in supporting them to provide 'best evidence'.For people with ASD and their families, research on societal issues and improving the lives of ASD individuals is vital. Yet research of this nature is currently lacking. Most services including health and social care, employment and the justice system are developed to cater for "neurotypical" people, or adapted for those with broad intellectual disability. However little consideration or support is in place for the social and cognitive difficulties that are specific to ASD. If individuals with ASD are to receive appropriate and fair access to services and justice, their difficulties must be better understood and accommodated. This begins with their reporting of relevant information to authorities and services. People with ASD show impairments in socio-cognitive domains, including a lack of insight into their own and others' intentions, as well as 'executive functions' (a set of capacities involving cognitive control, regulation, planning and flexibility). As a result, they experience problems in open-ended social situations where the desired response or type of information required from them needs to be inferred. The proposed project will compare how individuals with and without ASD perform on varying social and open-ended tasks. It builds on my existing work to test 1) how the shifting social contexts and increased task complexity inherent in information-gathering interactions in employment, healthcare and CJS contexts might heighten ASD impairments, and 2) how these can be ameliorated with appropriate support. Furthermore, people with ASD can also have areas of strength, and the research aims to determine how these strengths can be utilised to develop interviewing formats that support their difficulties whilst capitalising on their strengths.This research will directly inform best practice in HR, health and social care and the CJS, improving access to services and justice for people with ASD. It will also advance theory by providing new insight into how the social and cognitive difficulties (and strengths) of ASD impact upon real life social interactions. Findings will have implications for national organisations, including the Department of Health, Department for Business Innovation and Skills, Home Office, as well as more local groups, for example, potential employers, police interviewers and health and social care professionals. An extensive program of dissemination to both academic and non-academic stakeholders is planned to maximise the research impact with a broad range of key users.

自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）在大约1%的人口中被诊断出来，并对这些人及其家庭和支持服务的日常生活提出了许多挑战。该项目将提供一个证据基础，并指导专业团体改进现有方法，以支持ASD患者。这将在他们目前处于不利地位的三个重要的信息收集环境中进行。首先，只有大约一半的ASD年轻人在家庭外工作-这是残疾群体中最低的比例。在职业面试中的表现是就业前景的关键决定因素，但ASD的社交，认知和沟通困难意味着他们往往无法在面试中发挥最大的能力。其次，ASD患者更有可能出现某些社会和健康相关问题以及并发症，因此可能更有可能去看健康和社会护理专业人员。然而，内省和社会沟通的困难可能会使传递相关信息变得困难，除非他们的具体困难得到适当的支持。最后，虽然ASD患者在刑事司法系统（CJS）中作为证人（受害者）和嫌疑人的比例过高，但目前的警察访谈模式在支持他们提供“最佳证据”方面无效。然而，目前缺乏这种性质的研究。大多数服务，包括保健和社会护理、就业和司法系统，都是为“神经正常”的人提供的，或为有广泛智力残疾的人提供的。然而，很少考虑或支持ASD特有的社交和认知困难。如果自闭症患者要获得适当和公平的服务和司法，他们的困难必须得到更好的理解和照顾。这首先是他们向当局和服务部门报告有关信息。ASD患者在社会认知领域表现出障碍，包括缺乏对自己和他人意图的洞察力，以及“执行功能”（一组涉及认知控制，调节，规划和灵活性的能力）。因此，他们在开放式的社会环境中遇到问题，需要推断出他们所期望的反应或所需的信息类型。拟议的项目将比较患有和没有ASD的个人如何执行不同的社会和开放式任务。它建立在我现有的工作，以测试1）在就业，医疗保健和CJS背景下信息收集互动中固有的不断变化的社会背景和任务复杂性的增加如何可能会加剧ASD损伤，以及2）如何通过适当的支持来改善这些。此外，自闭症患者也有自己的优势领域，该研究旨在确定如何利用这些优势来开发面试形式，以支持他们的困难，同时利用他们的优势。这项研究将直接为人力资源，健康和社会护理以及CJS的最佳实践提供信息，改善自闭症患者获得服务和正义的机会。它还将通过提供关于ASD的社会和认知困难（和优势）如何影响真实的生活社会互动的新见解来推进理论。调查结果将对国家组织产生影响，包括卫生部，商业创新和技能部，内政部，以及更多的地方团体，例如，潜在的雇主，警察面试官以及卫生和社会护理专业人员。计划向学术和非学术利益相关者进行广泛的传播计划，以最大限度地提高研究对广泛的关键用户的影响。

项目成果

Mock Juror Perceptions of Child Witnesses on the Autism Spectrum: The Impact of Providing Diagnostic Labels and Information About Autism.

• DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3700-0
• 发表时间: 2020-05
• 期刊: Journal of autism and developmental disorders
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: Crane L;Wilcock R;Maras KL;Chui W;Marti-Sanchez C;Henry LA
• 通讯作者: Henry LA

Legal aspects of memory: a report issued by the Psychology and Law Sections of the British Academy

记忆的法律方面：英国科学院心理学和法律部门发布的报告

• DOI: 10.5871/jba/011.095
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Journal of the British Academy
• 作者: MacQueen H

Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders

自闭症谱系障碍百科全书

• 发表时间: 2020
• 作者: Crane, L.

Handbook of Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Law

自闭症谱系障碍和法律手册

• DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70913-6_7
• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: Maras K

The Wiley Handbook of Memory, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and the Law

威利记忆手册、自闭症谱系障碍和法律

• DOI: 10.1002/9781119158431.ch8
• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Crane L