Changes in shape, space and time: the impact of position on the spatiotemporal and configurational articulatory properties of liquid consonants.

形状、空间和时间的变化:位置对液体辅音的时空和构形发音特性的影响。

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    ES/N008189/1
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 25.11万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2016
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2016 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

The speech sounds 'L' and 'R' are often grouped together as a class (called 'liquid consonants'), because they are similar in a number of ways. For example, although they function as consonants in speech, they have a vowel-like phonetic quality. The are also among the most complex speech sounds to produce (and may be late acquired by children or hard for adult learners to master). They vary widely in different accents of the same language. Finally, their production can involve the tongue forming multiple constrictions in the vocal tract and they sometimes involve specific movements of the lips as well.Although speakers are not always aware of it, the 'L' sounds at the beginning and end of a word like 'level' do not sound exactly the same. Likewise the R' sounds at the beginning and end of a word like 'roar' (for those so-called 'rhotic' speakers who pronounce an 'R' at the end of 'roar' at all!) do not sound exactly the same. Behind the difference in sound quality is complex variation in (i) the way the articulatory organs synchronise their movements (ii) the strength of the production of the speech sound and (iii) the shape of the tongue when the speech sound is produced. When an 'L' or 'R' at the beginning of a word is pronounced, the speech organ movements involved tend to be more tightly synchronised than for an 'L' or 'R' at the end of a word. Also, 'L' and 'r' at the beginning of words are produced with more effort than they are at the ends of words. Finally, the tongue shapes involved in the production of 'L' and 'R' at the beginning and ends of words can be radically different from one another. These remarkable differences are very hard to measure, but research over many decades has addressed and raised a number of theoretical questions.Variation in these three parameters can cause very noticeable changes in the way 'L' and 'R' sound, explaining why, at the end of words, they seem less like consonants and more like vowels, e.g. making 'foal' and 'foe' sound very similar. The consonant might even disappear altogether, as occurred 200 years ago to 'R' at the end of the words in the RP accent of English. Thus, subtle variation in speech production can result in big changes in the long term. However, not all accents of English show the same patterns, or change at the same rate. While American and Irish English mostly have strong 'R' sounds at the end of words, word-final 'R' is starting to sound very weak and even be lost in some Scottish accents. This project will use a vocal-tract imaging technique, ultrasound tongue imaging (UTI), to directly study the way the tongue moves inside the mouth when it is producing 'L' and 'R', informing theories of speech articulation. The movement of the lips will also be recorded, as they play an important part in the production of English 'L' and 'R' too. We will record differences in the timing of movements of different parts of the tongue and the lips, how extreme the movements are and how different the shape the tongue is when it is producing 'L' and 'R' in different positions within the word. We will also look at what happens to 'L' and 'R' across longer domains too, as it has been shown that the greatest changes in the way these sounds are produced are found when 'L' and 'R' occur at the beginning and end of speech utterances longer than single words. We will study how changes in the movements of the vocal organs correlate with changes in the acoustic speech signal and we will identify which kinds of variation in vocal organ movement are most likely to make 'L' and 'R' sound weak, vowel-like or missing. Our research will focus on three key varieties of a single language in which 'R' is pronounced at the beginnings and ends of words, i.e. Scottish, Irish and American English. We will thus be able to address regional and historical variation within an otherwise well-understood language using novel methods to address theoretical questions relevant to all languages.
语音'L'和'R'通常被归为一类(称为'流动辅音'),因为它们在许多方面相似。例如,虽然它们在语音中起辅音的作用,但它们具有类似元音的语音质量。它们也是最复杂的语音之一(儿童可能较晚才学会,成年学习者也很难掌握)。它们在同一种语言的不同口音中差别很大。最后,它们的产生可能涉及舌头在声道中形成多个收缩,有时还涉及嘴唇的特定运动。虽然说话者并不总是意识到这一点,但像“level”这样的单词的开头和结尾的“L”发音并不完全相同。同样地,R'在单词的开头和结尾都有发音,比如“roar”(对于那些所谓的“rhotic”说话者来说,他们在“roar”的结尾发一个“R”!)听起来并不完全一样。在声音质量的差异背后是复杂的变化:(i)发音器官同步运动的方式(ii)语音产生的强度和(iii)产生语音时舌头的形状。当一个单词开头的“L”或“R”被发音时,所涉及的言语器官运动往往比单词结尾的“L”或“R”更紧密地同步。此外,单词开头的“L”和“r”比单词结尾的“L”和“r”更容易产生。最后,在单词的开头和结尾产生“L”和“R”的舌头形状可能完全不同。这些显著的差异很难测量,但几十年来的研究已经解决并提出了一些理论问题。这三个参数的变化会导致'L'和'R'发音方式的非常明显的变化,这解释了为什么在单词的结尾,它们看起来不像辅音,更像元音,例如使'foal'和'foe'听起来非常相似。辅音甚至可能完全消失,就像200年前发生在英语RP口音单词末尾的“R”一样。因此,言语产生的细微变化可能会导致长期的巨大变化。然而,并不是所有的英语口音都表现出相同的模式,或者以相同的速度变化。虽然美国和爱尔兰英语大多在单词结尾有很强的“R”音,但单词结尾的“R”开始听起来很弱,甚至在一些苏格兰口音中消失。该项目将使用声道成像技术,超声舌成像(UTI),直接研究舌头在口中运动时产生“L”和“R”的方式,为语音清晰度理论提供信息。嘴唇的运动也将被记录下来,因为它们在英语“L”和“R”的产生中也起着重要作用。我们将记录舌头和嘴唇不同部位运动的时间差异,运动有多极端,以及舌头在单词中不同位置发出“L”和“R”时的形状有多不同。我们还将研究“L”和“R”在更长的域中会发生什么,因为已经表明,当“L”和“R”出现在比单个单词更长的语音话语的开头和结尾时,这些声音产生的方式发生了最大的变化。我们将研究发声器官运动的变化如何与声学语音信号的变化相关,并确定发声器官运动中的哪种变化最有可能使“L”和“R”听起来很弱,像元音或缺失。我们的研究将集中在一种语言的三个关键品种,其中'R'在单词的开头和结尾发音,即苏格兰,爱尔兰和美国英语。因此,我们将能够使用新的方法来解决与所有语言相关的理论问题,以解决在其他方面很好理解的语言中的区域和历史变化。

项目成果

期刊论文数量(7)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
The role of gesture delay in coda /r/ weakening: An articulatory, auditory and acoustic study.
手势延迟在尾声/r/弱化中的作用:一项发音、听觉和声学研究。
Listening to the Past - Audio Records of Accents of English
聆听往事——英语口音录音
  • DOI:
    10.1017/9781107279865.009
  • 发表时间:
    2017
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Stuart-Smith J
  • 通讯作者:
    Stuart-Smith J
The effects of syllable and sentential position on the timing of lingual gestures in /l/ and /r/.
音节和句子位置对 /l/ 和 /r/ 中语言手势时间的影响。
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2019
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Lawson, E.
  • 通讯作者:
    Lawson, E.
Lenition and fortition of /r/ in utterance-final position, an ultrasound tongue imaging study of lingual gesture timing in spontaneous speech
最终发声位置中 /r/ 的延展和强化,自发言语中舌手势时序的超声舌成像研究
  • DOI:
    10.1016/j.wocn.2021.101053
  • 发表时间:
    2021
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    1.9
  • 作者:
    Lawson E
  • 通讯作者:
    Lawson E
The Corpus Phonology of English: Multifocal Analyses of Variation
英语语料库音系:变异的多焦点分析
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2020
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Strycharczuk P
  • 通讯作者:
    Strycharczuk P
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Eleanor Lawson其他文献

Eleanor Lawson的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Eleanor Lawson', 18)}}的其他基金

Speech Therapy Animation and imaging Resource (STAR)
言语治疗动画和成像资源 (STAR)
  • 批准号:
    ES/V012401/2
  • 财政年份:
    2022
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.11万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Speech Therapy Animation and imaging Resource (STAR)
言语治疗动画和成像资源 (STAR)
  • 批准号:
    ES/V012401/1
  • 财政年份:
    2021
  • 资助金额:
    $ 25.11万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant

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