Conceptions of violence, friendship and legal consciousness among young people in the context of Joint Enterprise

联合企业是指一种次要责任形式，它要求所有与犯罪有关的人对此负责。尽管它可以追溯到许多世纪以前，但最近它与高达44%的谋杀罪(两个或两个以上的人被定罪)有关。尽管最近对联合企业理论的改变可能会缩小其范围，但它仍然依赖于个人之间的联系及其参与暴力行为。在最近对根据这一理论被判犯有谋杀罪的个人的研究中，有迹象表明，年轻人对友谊和集体暴力的概念与刑事司法从业人员对这些概念的解释方式之间存在差异，而且普遍缺乏对联合企业的认识。这些调查结果对合营企业的合法性及其威慑集体暴力的潜力(拟议的合营企业的好处)有影响。拟议的研究将详细探讨这些主题。具体来说，它将考虑：年轻人如何将“友谊”和“集体暴力”概念化；联合企业的知识和/或经验如何影响年轻人对集体暴力和友谊的理解；以及从业者在联合企业案例中如何应用暴力和友谊的概念。总共有75名16至25岁的年轻人将接受访问，20名年轻人将参加PhotoVoice-这是一种创新的方法，让参与者通过照片表现他们的“日常现实”。“社区样本”将包括25名在大学学习的年轻人和25名参与过严重集体暴力的年轻人，这将使人们能够比较或多或少有暴力行为经历的年轻人对友谊和集体暴力的看法。访谈将涉及生活史元素，重点是以前的经历和当前对友谊、集体暴力和刑法的理解，因为它与此类暴力有关。还将约谈参与联合企业案件的约25名司法从业人员，特别是警官以及控方和辩护律师。这部分研究将描述那些研究和应用与合资企业相关的法律的人是如何解释友谊和集体暴力的，并提供与年轻人相反的叙事。研究的目的是在合资企业历史上一个特别重要的时期，对稀少但缓慢发展的研究做出贡献。它将允许审议最近对这一理论的改变对实践产生的影响。从这个意义上说，这项研究的目的是让政策和实践了解集体惩罚对直接受其影响的人的影响，以及可能陷入其深远网络的更广泛的人口。

Joint Enterprise is the term given to a form of secondary liability that holds all those implicated in a crime accountable for it. Although it dates back many centuries, it has recently been associated with up to 44% of convictions for murder (where two or more individuals have been convicted). Although recent changes to the Joint Enterprise doctrine may narrow its scope, it still relies on associations being made between individuals and their involvement in an act of violence. In a recent study of individual's convicted of murder under this doctrine, there were indications that disparities exist between young people's conceptions of friendship and collective violence and the way in which such concepts were interpreted by criminal justice practitioners, as well as a general lack of awareness about Joint Enterprise. These findings have implications for the perceived legitimacy of Joint Enterprise and its potential to deter collective violence (a proposed benefit of it). The proposed study would explore these themes in detail. Specifically, it would consider: how young people conceptualise 'friendship' and 'collective violence'; how knowledge and/or experience of Joint Enterprise shapes young people's interpretations of collective violence and friendship; and how conceptions of violence and friendship applied by practitioners in cases of Joint Enterprise.In total, 75 young people, aged 16-25 years old, would be interviewed and a subsample of 20 young people would participate in photovoice - an innovative methodology allowing participants to represent their 'everyday realities' through photographs. A 'community sample' would involve 25 young people studying at college and 25 young people identified as having been involved in serious collective violence, which would would allow comparisons to be made between conceptions of friendship and collective violence among young people with more or less experience of violent behaviour. Interviews would involve a life history element, focusing on previous experiences and current understandings of friendship, collective violence, and the criminal law as it relates to such violence. Interviews would also be undertaken with around 25 crininal justice practitioners involved in Joint Enterprise cases, specifically police officers and prosecution and defence lawyers. This part of the research would provide an account of the way in which friendship and collective violence was interpreted by those who investigate and apply the law related to Joint Enterprise and offer a counter narrative to that of the young people.The research would aim to contribute to the sparse, but slowly developing, research on Joint Enterprise at a particularly significant time in its history. It would allow consideration of the impact that recent changes to this doctrine have had on practice. In this sense, the research would aim to inform policy and practice about the effect of collective punishment on those directly affected by it, as well as the broader population who may get caught up in its far-reaching net.