The micro-politics of refugee crisis management: the case of Lebanon's municipalities

难民危机管理的微观政治：黎巴嫩各城市的案例

• 批准号: ES/P009727/1
• 负责人: Billie Jeanne Brownlee
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FP009727%2F1
• 关键词: micro; politics; refugee; crisis; management

The outbreak of the armed conflict in Syria in 2011 has resulted in one of the largest refugee crises since World War II, with more than 4 million refugees fleeing war mostly to neighbouring countries of Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Iraq. Lebanon is especially affected by this situation. Out of 4.4 million inhabitants, its territory is currently hosting around 1.2 million refugees from Syria, 6000 Iraqi refugees and nearly 450000 refugees from Palestine. The UN Commissioner for Refugees described it as "the biggest humanitarian emergency of our era", which is not simply putting at risk the lives of those fleeing the conflict but it is also putting to test the responses of the host countries now that that the protracted nature of the refugee crisis has necessitated long-term solutions. The provision of basic services such as waste management, water, primary healthcare and education, is putting pressure on local economies. In these contexts, tensions between host communities and refugees are a growing phenomenon due to deteriorating access to basic services, competition for livelihoods and opportunities, the reawakening of religious and ethnic friction, but also, crucially, the impact on the political economy of the country, with cheap labour being readily available and rent prices constantly on the rise. The politics of response of the countries of first asylum is particularly important as this affects the life conditions of refugees and those of the hosting communities. Compared with other host countries, Lebanon - which has received one third of the refugees from Syria, constituting a much higher proportion in relation to the domestic population - has also adopted a "no camp" policy, adding strain to local communities' economies and infrastructure. The country includes more than 1,000 municipalities, mostly small and with a weak administrative and fiscal structure, organised under Municipal Unions. Three municipal unions located in the North, Bekaa and South governorates are the ones that are the most afflicted by the refugee crisis, with often a refugee population that overtakes the hosting community. They are also the primary institutions operating on the ground in the everyday management of the refugees, mediating their situation in the context of Lebanese society as well as negotiating their demands vis a vis governmental and international agencies. The purpose of this study is to understand the politics of response to the refugee crisis at municipal and district level in Lebanon in order to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of humanitarian response and provide stakeholders with on-the-ground knowledge of the political dimension of the refugee phenomenon in Lebanon. In particular the intent of this research project is:a. To provide an overview of the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon over the past 5 years contextualising it with the specificities of its territory, history and politics.b. To understand the problematique of establishing refugee camps in Lebanon as a consequence of the Palestinian experience and thereby the significant role that municipalities play in the response to the refugee crisis. c. To conduct extensive fieldwork, interviews and focus group discussions with key local informants in three municipalities in the three governorates most affected by the refugee crisis: Dannieh Union (municipalities: Assoun; Bikasfreen; Deir el Nbouh); Baalbeck Union (municipalities: Baalbeck, Doures, Tybeh); Tyre Union (Bazourayeh; Ein Baal; Bourj el Shamale). This will provide a picture of the challenges and needs of the host and refugee communities.d. To set a model of intervention based on a hybrid and decentralised relief-development approach that places municipalities at the centre of the coordination response.e. To elaborate a model of intervention in the context of protracted displacement crises in light of other international cases.

2011年叙利亚爆发武装冲突，造成二战以来最大的难民危机之一，400多万难民逃离战争，大多逃往邻国黎巴嫩、约旦、土耳其和伊拉克。黎巴嫩尤其受到这种局势的影响。在440万居民中，其领土目前收容了约120万叙利亚难民，6000名伊拉克难民和近45万巴勒斯坦难民。联合国难民事务专员将其描述为“我们时代最大的人道主义紧急情况”，这不仅使逃离冲突的人的生命处于危险之中，而且还考验了东道国的反应，因为难民危机的长期性需要长期解决方案。废物管理、水、初级保健和教育等基本服务的提供给地方经济带来了压力。在这种情况下，收容社区与难民之间的紧张关系日益严重，原因是获得基本服务的机会日益减少，对生计和机会的竞争，宗教和族裔摩擦的重新抬头，而且至关重要的是，廉价劳动力唾手可得，房租价格不断上涨，对该国的政治经济产生了影响。第一庇护国的应对策略特别重要，因为这影响到难民和收容社区的生活条件。与其他收容国相比，黎巴嫩接收了三分之一的叙利亚难民，占国内人口的比例要高得多，它还采取了“无营地”政策，给当地社区的经济和基础设施增加了压力。全国有1，000多个市镇，大多数规模较小，行政和财政结构薄弱，由市镇联盟组织。位于北部、贝卡和南部各省的三个市政联盟是受难民危机影响最严重的联盟，难民人口往往超过收容社区。他们也是在当地开展日常难民管理工作的主要机构，在黎巴嫩社会中调解难民的处境，并就难民的要求维斯政府和国际机构进行谈判。本研究报告的目的是了解黎巴嫩市、区两级应对难民危机的政治策略，以提高人道主义应对的效力和效率，并向利益攸关方提供关于黎巴嫩难民现象政治层面的实地知识。本研究的目的是：a。概述过去5年来黎巴嫩的叙利亚难民危机，将其与黎巴嫩领土、历史和政治的具体情况联系起来。了解由于巴勒斯坦的经历而在黎巴嫩建立难民营的困难，从而了解市政当局在应对难民危机方面发挥的重要作用。C.在受难民危机影响最严重的三个省的三个城市开展广泛的实地工作、访谈和重点小组讨论，这些城市是：Dannieh联盟（城市：Assoun; Bikasfreen; Deir el Nbouh）; Baalbeck联盟（城市：Baalbeck、Doures、Tybeh）; Tyre联盟（Bazourayeh; Ein Baal; Bourj el Shamale）。这将使人们了解东道国和难民社区的挑战和需要。建立一个基于混合和分散的救济-发展方法的干预模式，将市政当局置于协调反应的中心。参照其他国际案例，制定一个在长期流离失所危机背景下的干预模式。