Britain's first demographic transition: an integrated geography

英国的第一次人口转变：综合地理

• 批准号: ES/S016805/1
• 负责人: Alice Reid
• 金额: $ 103.04万
• 依托单位: University of Cambridge
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FS016805%2F1
• 关键词: Britain; first; demographic; transition; integrated

This project will present the first historic population geography of Great Britain during the late nineteenth century. This was a period of unprecedented demographic change, when both mortality and fertility started the dramatic secular declines of the first demographic transition. National trends are well established: mortality decline started in childhood and early adulthood, with infant mortality lagging behind, particularly in urban-industrial areas. The fall in fertility was led by the middle classes but quickly spread throughout society. Urban growth was fuelled by movement from the countryside to the city, but there was also considerable migration overseas, particularly from Scotland, although to some extent outmigration was offset by immigration. There was local and regional variation in these patterns, and a contrast between the demographic experiences of Scotland and of England and Wales. Marriage was later in Scotland but fertility within marriage higher, and the improvement in Scottish mortality was slower than that south of the border. However, while there has been research on local and regional patterns within each country, these have mainly been pursued separately, and it is therefore unclear whether there were real national differences or whether there were local demographic continuities across borders, and if so whether they followed economic, occupational, cultural or even linguistic lines. Understanding population processes involves a holistic appreciation of the interaction between the basic demographic components of fertility, mortality, nuptiality and migration, and how they come together, interacting with economic and cultural processes, to create a specific demographic system via the spread of people and ideas. This project is the first to consider a historical population geography of the whole of Great Britain across the first demographic transition, drawing together measures of nuptiality, fertility, mortality and migration for small geographic areas and unpacking how they interacted to produce the more readily available broad-brush national patterns for Scotland and for England and Wales.We will build on our immensely successful project on the fertility of Victorian England and Wales, which used complete count census data for England and Wales to calculate more detailed fertility measures than ever previously possible for some 2000 small geographic areas and 8 social groups, allowing the investigation of intra-urban as well as urban-rural differences in fertility. The new measures allowed us to examine age patterns of fertility across the two countries for the first time. We were also able to calculate contextual variables from the census data which allowed us to undertake spatial analysis of the influences on fertility over time. As well as academic papers, our previous project presented summary data at a fine spatial resolution in an interactive online atlas, populationspast.org, a major new resource which is already being widely used as a teaching tool in both schools and universities. In this new project we will calculate comparable measures of fertility and contextual variables using the full count census data for Scotland, 1851 to 1901 inclusive, to complement those for England and Wales. However, our new project will go considerably further and will integrate place-specific measures of mortality and migration, for both Scotland and for England and Wales. We will provide new age-specific data on fertility, mortality and migration for the whole of Great Britain using existing datasets, at a finer geographic level than has previously been possible, and will analyse these spatially and temporally to gain a panoramic understanding of the forces driving this crucial period of demographic and social change. We will expand populationspast.org to bring our new findings to a wide academic and non-academic audience and will provide the data for others to explore interactively.

该项目将介绍英国在世纪后期的第一个历史性人口地理。这是一个前所未有的人口变化时期，死亡率和生育率都开始了第一次人口转变的长期急剧下降。国家趋势已经确定：死亡率从儿童和成年早期开始下降，婴儿死亡率落后，特别是在城市工业区。生育率的下降是由中产阶级领导的，但很快蔓延到整个社会。从农村到城市的人口流动推动了城市的发展，但也有相当多的人移居海外，特别是来自苏格兰，尽管在某种程度上，移民抵消了向外移民的影响。这些模式存在地方和区域差异，苏格兰与英格兰和威尔士的人口统计经验存在对比。苏格兰的婚姻较晚，但婚内生育率较高，苏格兰死亡率的改善速度慢于南部边境。然而，虽然对每个国家内的地方和区域模式进行了研究，但这些研究主要是单独进行的，因此不清楚是否存在真实的国家差异，或是否存在跨越国界的地方人口连续性，如果存在，是否遵循经济、职业、文化甚至语言的界线。要了解人口进程，就必须全面了解生育率、死亡率、结婚率和移徙等基本人口组成部分之间的相互作用，以及它们如何结合在一起，与经济和文化进程相互作用，通过人口和思想的传播创造一个特定的人口系统。这个项目是第一个考虑整个英国在第一次人口转型中的历史人口地理的项目，它汇集了结婚率，生育率，死亡率和迁移的小地理区域，并解开他们如何相互作用，以产生更容易获得的广泛-为苏格兰、英格兰和威尔士刷国家模式。我们将在维多利亚时代英格兰和威尔士的生育率方面取得巨大成功的项目基础上，它使用了英格兰和威尔士的完整人口普查数据，计算出了比以往任何时候都更详细的生育率指标，涉及大约2000个小地理区域和8个社会群体，从而可以调查城市内部以及城乡生育率的差异。新的测量方法使我们能够第一次研究两国的生育年龄模式。我们还能够从人口普查数据中计算背景变量，这使我们能够对生育率随时间的影响进行空间分析。除了学术论文外，我们以前的项目还在互动式在线地图集populationspast.org中以精细的空间分辨率提供了摘要数据，这是一个主要的新资源，已被广泛用作学校和大学的教学工具。在这个新项目中，我们将使用苏格兰1851年至1901年的人口普查数据计算生育率和背景变量的可比指标，以补充英格兰和威尔士的数据。然而，我们的新项目将走得更远，并将整合苏格兰以及英格兰和威尔士的死亡率和移民的具体措施。我们将使用现有的数据集，在比以前更精细的地理水平上，为整个英国提供关于生育率，死亡率和移民的新的年龄特定数据，并将在空间和时间上分析这些数据，以全面了解推动这一关键时期人口和社会变化的力量。我们将扩大populationspast.org，将我们的新发现带给广泛的学术和非学术受众，并将为其他人提供交互式探索的数据。

项目成果

Creating a consistent registration district-based census geography for Scotland, 1851?1901

为苏格兰创建一致的基于地区的人口普查地理登记，1851 年至 1901 年

• 发表时间: 2023
• 作者: Garrett EM

Fatal Places? Contextual Effects on Infant and Child Mortality in Early Twentieth Century England and Wales

• DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2023.5
• 发表时间: 2023-07-10
• 期刊: SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY
• 影响因子: 0.8
• 作者: Reid，Alice;Garrett，Eilidh;Rafferty，Sarah
• 通讯作者: Rafferty，Sarah