Unequal geographies of risk in the city: 'Everyday' embodiments and strategies of resistance in Metro Cebu, the Philippines

菲律宾是世界上受灾最严重的国家之一，被认为特别容易受到气候变化的不利影响。《2030年发展议程》反映了国际社会对这些问题日益增长的认识和关注，标志着气候变化首次被明确纳入全球框架，可持续发展目标（SDG） 13呼吁各国“采取紧急行动，控制气候变化及其影响”。针对城市脆弱性（特别是气候相关灾害）的先发制人规划在国际上也越来越受欢迎，可持续发展目标9和目标11关于城市韧性和灾害风险减少与管理（DRRM），联合国人居署的《新城市议程》将气候变化和灾害风险减少与管理视为新兴的城市发展挑战。与其他地方一样，在菲律宾，以社区为基础的DRRM已成为告知干预的核心正统做法，尤其是在城市贫困地区。然而，这种形式的“自下而上”风险治理在多大程度上实际上增强了国家在满足城市贫困人口需求方面的参与度和问责制，还有待严格评估。对性别和阶级参与CBDRRM的原因和后果的关注也在很大程度上被忽视了。我认为，这些都是重要的调查要点，以确保社区（尤其是妇女）不会背负着“重建得更好”的大部分负担，这种负担笼罩在参与、赋权和复原力的语言中。我的研究对如何理解和解决这些复杂问题做出了重要贡献，将重点从对特殊风险和减灾的主导技术科学评估转移到日常现实和最容易受到这些事件影响的人的观点，但通常被排除在政策对话之外。我揭示了风险和灾难的遭遇是如何性别化的，并认为这些性别化的风险环境（而不是通常预测的“女性空闲时间”的神话）有助于解释菲律宾女性参与CBDRRM的模式。我还指出了土地所有权和住房不安全以及灾害之间的关系，其中灾害被投机地利用来驱逐非正规定居者。我认为，这些动态延伸到灾害风险治理领域，其中风险和脆弱性的标签被主观地归因于城市贫困社区，以使国家在“扶贫发展”和“防灾”城市的支持下推动的拆除合法化。通过关注风险和风险管理的性别和分类体现，以及韧性建设和气候变化适应议程如何被操纵以服务于精英利益并将城市穷人赶出城市，本项目提出了关于城市气候正义和可持续城市发展是什么样子以及如何实现它们的重要问题。在这项奖学金中，我将出版出版物并组织研讨会/会议，向学术和非学术受众传达我的博士研究成果，为风险的技术科学评估和对城市穷人的贬斥描述提供反叙述，并寻求推动围绕城市弹性和可持续发展议程的性别和阶级影响的更细致的跨学科辩论。在研究初期，我还将在宿务进行后续实地调查，了解2016/17选举后行政改组后宿务大城市发展计划的进展情况，并从社区主要受访者那里了解城市贫困人口参与这些进程或努力争取这些进程的最新情况。

The Philippines is one of the most disaster-affected countries in the world and considered especially vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. As a reflection of growing international awareness and concern for these issues, the 2030 Development Agenda marks the first time that climate change has featured explicitly in a global framework, with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 calling on countries to 'take urgent action to control climate change and its impacts'. Pre-emptive planning to address the vulnerability of cities, in particular, to climate-related hazards is also gaining traction internationally, as evidenced in SDGs 9, and 11 on urban resilience and disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) and UN-Habitat's New Urban Agenda which recognises climate change and DRRM as emerging urban development challenges. In the Philippines, as elsewhere, community-based (CB)DRRM has become a core orthodoxy informing intervention, especially in urban poor areas. However the extent to which this form of 'bottom-up' risk governance has actually enhanced the engagement and accountability of the state in meeting the needs of the urban poor has yet to be critically assessed. Attention to the causes and consequences of gendered and classed participation in CBDRRM has also been largely neglected. These, I argue, are important points of inquiry to ensure that communities (and women in particular) are not left to shoulder the bulk of the burdens for 'building back better', shrouded in a language of participation, empowerment and resilience. My research makes an important contribution to how these complex issues are understood and addressed, shifting the focus away from dominant techno-scientific appraisals of exceptional risks and hazard mitigation, towards the everyday realities and perspectives of those most exposed and vulnerable to these events, yet typically excluded from policy conversations. I reveal how encounters with risk and disaster are gendered, and argue that these gendered riskscapes (rather than the commonly projected myth of 'women's free time') help to explain feminised patterns of participation in CBDRRM in the Philippines. I also identify a relationship between land tenure and housing insecurity, and disasters, wherein disasters are being used opportunistically to evict informal settlers. These dynamics, I argue, extend to the realm of disaster risk governance, where labels of risk and vulnerability are subjectively ascribed to urban poor communities to legitimise state-driven demolitions under the auspices of 'pro-poor development' and 'disaster proofing' the city. By drawing attention to the gendered and classed embodiments of risk and risk management, and to how resilience-building and climate change adaptation agendas are manipulated to serve elite interests and displace the urban poor from the city, this project raises important questions about what urban climate justice and sustainable urban development look like, and how they should be achieved. In this fellowship I will develop publications and organise workshops/conferences to communicate my PhD findings to academic and non-academic audiences, offering a counter narrative to techno-scientific appraisals of risk and pejorative depictions of the urban poor, and seeking to advance more nuanced interdisciplinary debates around the gendered and classed implications of urban resilience and sustainable development agendas. Early on in the fellowship, I will also conduct follow-up fieldwork in Cebu to see how the Mega Cebu urban development plan has been progressing following the 2016/17 post-election administrative reshuffle, and to get an update from key respondents in the community on urban poor engagement in or efforts to contest these processes.