Shelters as Spaces of Care and Violence: The everyday experiences of detained and deported migrant domestic workers in Southeast Asia

国际移民在全球范围内是一个热议的话题和有争议的问题，民族国家试图在对移民劳动力的需求与他们所持的排外态度以及本国公民的情绪之间取得平衡。虽然当代的流动性一方面受到赞誉，但另一方面，它也变得令人畏惧；依赖于搬家的人。正如安德森(2014，第4页)所写的：“虽然有些旅行者……以他们缩短距离和连接领土的能力而闻名，但另一些人出于同样的原因而感到担忧……这些移民困扰着富裕世界，但人们很少清楚他们是谁，也不清楚他们为什么会引发这种恐惧。”由于移民引发的焦虑，他们的身体受到监控和管理，以确保他们的行为“适当”，并防止逾期居留/“非法”居留。在新加坡，合法化规定了国家监督移徙家庭佣工行为的权利，包括强制规定一年两次的怀孕测试，并在法律中规定，“外籍雇员不得参与任何非法、不道德或不受欢迎的活动，包括破坏家庭”(Mom，2020，P.44)。然而，对移民机构的恐惧进一步扩大，各州保留了选择谁有资格和不有资格留在自己领土内的权利。事实上，国际移民的特点是缺乏归属感和临时身份，往往没有投票权或获得永久居留权或公民身份的合法权利。虽然摆脱了种族主义驱逐的历史(德热诺瓦，2018年)，而且它仍然根深蒂固，但今天，驱逐被用来在一个国家的边界内允许和不允许的人之间制造分歧。尽管恐惧根深蒂固，但移民对全球民族国家和城市空间的形成起到了至关重要的作用。例如，新加坡令人印象深刻的天际线、干净的街道和一尘不染的家园，往往被视为繁荣、进步和自豪的象征。然而，建造、维护和清洁它的剥削性劳动--字面上的鲜血、汗水、眼泪和死亡--却变得不那么明显了。虽然经常被隐形，但新加坡五分之一的家庭依赖至少一名全职家庭佣工的劳动(家，2015年)，目前有超过25.5万名家庭佣工在新加坡(母亲，2019年)。尽管家政工人的存在对社会的运转至关重要，但他们仍然面临雇主虐待和虐待以及被拘留/驱逐的巨大风险。我的研究使人们了解到家政工人被拘留和驱逐出境的方式，这种做法即使在他们受到虐待/攻击的情况下也会发生。在这种情况下，家政工人被迫在避难所等待未知的时间，无法工作(创收是大多数人最初迁徙的原因)，有时长达数月甚至数年。这一奖学金不仅使我能够传播关于这些做法和过程的发现，而且还使我能够关注居住在这些避难所空间的人的生活经历。通过在学术期刊上发表文章，我将能够增进对这些做法和经验的了解，同时将地理研究的两个不同领域结合在一起，带来新的学术见解：关于家庭和监禁的写作。除了学术听众，这一奖学金还将使我能够与更多不同的受众分享我的研究成果，包括政策制定者和非政府组织，目的是做出积极的社会变革。它还将使我能够进行一些进一步的(但有限的)研究，并将我的发现反馈给它所关注的社区。最后，它将为我提供机会，完成进一步的培训、联网、研究访问，并为未来的研究提出申请。

International migration is a hotly debated topic and contentious issue globally, with nation states attempting to balance a need for migrant labour with any xenophobic attitudes they hold, and alongside the sentiments of their citizens. While contemporary mobility is, on the one hand, lauded, it has also, on the other, become feared; dependent upon the person who is moving. As Andersson (2014, p.4) writes:"while some travellers ... are celebrated for their powers to shrink distances and connect territories, others are fretted about for the same reasons ... These migrants haunt the rich world, but it is rarely clear who they are or why they provoke such fear". As a result of the anxiety that migrants invoke, their bodies are surveilled and managed, to ensure that they behave 'appropriately' and to prevent overstaying/'illegal'-stays. In Singapore, legalisation enshrines the state's right to monitor the behaviour of migrant domestic workers, both by making biannual pregnancy tests mandatory and enshrining in law that, "[t]he foreign employee shall not be involved in any illegal, immoral or undesirable activities, including breaking up families" (MOM, 2020, p.44). The fear of migrant bodies extends further still, however, with states' maintaining the right to choose who is and isn't eligible to stay within its territory. Indeed, international migrants are marked by a lack of belonging and their temporary status, often with no legal rights to vote or to attain permanent residency or citizenship. While emerging from a history of racialised expulsions (De Genova, 2018), and in which it is still embedded, today deportation is used to create a divide between those who are, and are not, allowed within a state's boundary. Despite deep-rooted fears, migrants have been fundamental to the formation of nation states and urban space globally. Singapore's impressive skyline, clean streets and immaculate homes, for instance, are often seen as signs of prosperity, progress and pride. The exploitative labour - the literal blood, sweat, tears and death - that build, maintain and clean it are, however, rendered much less visible. While often being invisibilised, one in five households in Singapore rely on the labour of at least one full-time live-in domestic worker (HOME, 2015), with over 255,000 domestic workers now in Singapore (MOM, 2019). Despite their presence being fundamental to the functioning of society, domestic workers remain at great risk of mistreatment and abuse by their employers, and of detainment/deportation.My research brings visibility to the ways in which domestic workers are detained and deported from Singapore, a practice which occurs even when they have been abused/assaulted. In these circumstances, domestic workers are made to wait in shelter spaces for unknown periods of time, and unable to work (income generation being the reason why most people migrated in the first instance), sometimes for many months or even years. This fellowship will not only allow me to disseminate findings about these practices and processes, but will also allow me to bring attention to the lived experiences of those inhabiting these shelter spaces. By publishing in academic journals, I will be able to advance knowledge of these practices and experiences, while bringing together two disparate areas of geographic inquiry that would bring about new academic insights: writing on home and carcerality. In addition to academic audiences, this fellowship will allow me to share my research with more diverse audiences, including policy makers and NGOs, with the aim of making positive societal transformations. It will also enable me to carry out some further (but limited) research and to present my findings back to the communities it focuses upon. Finally, it will provide me with the opportunity to complete further training, networking, research visits and to put forward applications for future research.