Immobility, citizenship and belonging in London and São Paulo

该奖学金将探索全球化世界中关于固定、归属感和公民身份的理论、思想和经验。这将与移徙研究中对流动性的关注相反，后者忽视了大多数人在拥有移徙手段的情况下如何选择留下来。留守者的动机和经历和迁徙的人一样丰富、复杂和值得研究。尽管有地方和地区规模的文献，但出于对国家和人等更大想象的社会有机体的“忠诚”，对固定的概念研究不足(Schewel，2019)。公民如何想象不流动，以及它如何影响他们在国际层面上的(非)移徙决策，对关心人口保留和发展公民身份的政策制定者具有影响。对不同理想“忠诚”的争议性也暴露了最近在全球南北政治中日益加剧的政治两极分化的紧张局势。关注巴西，这个国家正经历着越来越多的移民，特别是中产阶级的移民。这一点，再加上低于更替生育率的水平，意味着了解那些既想留又想离开的人的动机是必要的，特别是因为我的研究表明，这些中产阶级移民很少寄回汇款。人们在英国背景下移民、移民或留在原地的动机对于英国政策制定者来说也是至关重要的(Baldwin-Edwards等人)。最近在全球南北地区举行的民粹主义投票暴露了相互关联的全球化社会中的世界公民理想与通过新的民族主义和特殊主义而出现的反动势力之间的紧张关系。因此，该奖学金将探索在全球南北两个地区，这座“世界城市”及其“世界公民”的地理想象，以及它与阶级和种族的关系，以及它受到民粹主义事件的破坏，如英国退欧和博尔索纳罗在巴西的当选。英国脱欧之所以重要，是因为它对移民和移民主观性产生了影响，尤其是因为我之前的研究显示，移民的归属感往往与被想象为“世界城市”的伦敦联系在一起(罗宾斯2019)。此外，英国政府最近宣布，在新的积分制度下，“低技能”工人将被拒绝签证(内政部，2020)。我的论文表明，巴西移民通常受过大学教育，尽管许多人一开始从事的是低技能工作，但他们很快就达到了与巴西以前的职业水平相当的水平。新的移民制度有忽视这种“隐形”技术工人的危险(Salatori&Terron-Caro，2020；úNLütürk-Ulutas&Akbas，2020)。英国脱欧可能会如何扰乱移民经历，以及谈判移民未来的可行性，这些问题都需要探索。同样，在我进行实地考察的时候，博尔索纳罗当选总统的前景打乱了许多人对S作为国际大都市的想象。现在他上台了，现在是时候探讨他的当选对归属感的影响了。我之前收集了有关英国退欧和博尔索纳罗当选的采访数据。与我的一些参与者一起进行一项小规模的后续研究，将是在奖学金条款下允许进行的额外实地考察的卓有成效的成果。最后，我们必须探索社会阶层、世界公民、移民、静止和民粹主义之间的关系，以及这些概念如何与不同社会和种族背景的人对社会凝聚感和归属感的需求相一致。我的研究试图了解社会和政治两极分化的问题，并对那些受到最近英国作为欧盟成员国和巴西作为左倾民主国家身份变化影响的人的需求和经历表示关注。因此，虽然研究金的成果将是从移徙研究的角度来看的，但它也将对政治和文化地理作出重大贡献。

The fellowship will explore theories, ideas and experiences of immobility, belonging and citizenship in a globalised world. This will counter the focus in migration studies on mobility which overlooks how most people choose to stay despite possessing the means to migrate. Motivations and experiences of 'stayers' are just as rich, complex and worthy of research as those who migrate.Although there is literature at a local and regional scale, the concept of immobility, out of 'loyalty' to larger imagined social organisms such as country and 'people' is under-researched (Schewel, 2019). How citizens imagine immobility and how it affects their (non)migration decision making at an international level has implications for policy makers with an interest in population retention and developing citizenship. The contested nature of 'loyalty' to differing ideals also exposes the tension in the increasing political polarisation witnessed recently in Global North and South politics. Focusing on Brazil, this country is experiencing increasing emigration, particularly of its middle-class. This, combined with a below replacement fertility rate, means that understanding the motivations of those both wanting to stay and leave is imperative especially since my research suggested that these middle-class emigrants rarely send back remittances. Motivations for people to emigrate, immigrate or stay put in the UK context are also vital to understand for UK policy makers (Baldwin-Edwards et al. 2019).Recent populist voting in the Global South and North has exposed the tension between ideals of cosmopolitan 'world citizenship' in an interconnected globalised society and reactionary forces emerging via renewed nationalism and particularism. The fellowship will thus explore the geographical imaginary of the 'world city' and its 'world citizens' in both the Global North and South and its relationship to class and race as well as its disruption by populist events such as Brexit and Bolsonaro's election in Brazil. Brexit is important due to its impact on migration and migrant subjectivity, not least since my previous research showed migrants' sense of belonging often tied to London imagined as a 'world city' (Robins 2019). Further, the UK government recently announced that 'low-skilled' workers will be denied visas within a new points system (Home Office, 2020). My thesis showed that Brazilian migrants are often university educated and, despite many starting in low skilled jobs, rapidly achieve parity with previous careers in Brazil. The new migration system is in danger of overlooking such 'invisible' skilled workers (Salvatori & Terron-Caro, 2020; Ünlütürk-Ulutas & Akbas, 2020). Questions of how Brexit may disrupt migrant experiences as well as the practicalities of negotiating migrants' futures demand exploration.Similarly, at the time of my fieldwork, the prospect of Bolsonaro as President unsettled many people's imagining of São Paulo as a cosmopolitan world city. Now he is in office, it is timely to explore the effects of his election on belonging. I previously collected interview data on Brexit and Bolsonaro's election. Conducting a small follow up study with some of my participants will be fruitful permitted additional fieldwork under the fellowship's terms.To conclude, we must explore the relation between social class, world citizenship, migration, immobility and populism and how these concepts square with people from diverse social and ethnic background's need for a sense of social cohesion and belonging. My research seeks to understand issues of societal and political polarisation as well as establishing a concern for the needs and experiences of those affected by recent changes to the UK's identity as an EU member and Brazil's as a left leaning democracy. Therefore, although the output of the fellowship will be from the perspective of migration studies it will also make substantial contributions to political and cultural geography.