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The Gender Care Gap: EU Migration and Post-COVID Responses

性别关怀差距：欧盟移民和新冠疫情后的应对措施

基本信息

批准号：
ES/W006618/1
负责人：
Nina Miller (Westoby)
金额：
$ 12.1万
依托单位：
University of Glasgow
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2021
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2021 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FW006618%2F1
关键词：
Gender Care Gap EU Migration

项目摘要

This research project "The Gender Care Gap: EU Migration and Post-COVID Responses" explores why legal frameworks which are intended to produce socially just, equitable and fair outcomes can instead entrench stereotypes and reinforce inequalities. This project looks at how legal rules can reinforce gender inequality. It considers the impact on women of the unequal sharing of unpaid care work between men and women. In the EU, as for the rest of the world, women do more unpaid care work than men. They are the main carers of children, people with a disability, illness, and the elderly and 38 percent of women spend one hour a day or more on caring duties compared with 25 percent of men. Women also participate in paid work and, in two parent families, both parents are likely to work. However, research shows that women still have the main responsibility for caring for the family or for organising that care, for example by finding nurseries, dealing with emergencies or planning for elderly parents' care. As a result, women are now often performing a "double day" or "second shift" where they must combine paid and unpaid work on a daily basis. The impact of the unequal sharing of unpaid care work on women is complicated. What is clear is that it affects women's economic independence, which can be seen by the gender employment gap, the gender pay gap and the gender pension gap.The challenges that women face in meeting their family's unpaid care needs and combining this with their jobs has become much harder because of the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, the various restrictions and lockdowns have led to hospitals and health care services limiting their services placing a larger burden on families to provide care for the elderly and infirm. School and nursery closures have shifted childcare and schooling needs onto the household. This has affected, among other things, women's ability to engage in paid work. The UN has recognised the social impact that COVID-19 has had on women and the threat that these challenges have on progress towards gender equality. Therefore, the UN is urging governments to put gender equality and women's economic independence at the heart of their post-COVID recovery planning. This project investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women. It looks at legal frameworks, and questions whether the rules and their application progress gender equality or whether they are entrenching gender stereotypes, particularly in terms of unpaid care work. One particular focus of this work involves addressing the gender dimension of EU migration and how the legal rules governing the free movement of people within the EU impacts women when they have caring responsibilities. When women are living in a new country, they are removed from their family networks of support and they face increased challenges when trying to combine paid work with unpaid care responsibilities. Furthermore, research shows that maintaining rights and protections through the EU legal rules in this area is more difficult for women when they have caring responsibilities and many women and children are experiencing isolation and hardship in their host country as a result. This project is a collaboration between academic and civil society partners. It will be conducted with women's rights civil society organisations in Scotland and at the EU level in Brussels, to develop ways to address the gender dimension of EU migration and for women's rights more broadly to be part of the national and EU responses to the COVID-19 recovery planning. The project's findings will be publicised widely, through academic journals and conferences and through blogs, podcasts and social media, aimed at policy makers, the general public and other researchers. The aim of this project is to advance new ways of thinking about care, migration, gender and law and to influence approaches to post-COVID recovery to ensure that woman's rights are acknowledged, protected and promoted.

这个研究项目“性别关怀差距：欧盟移民和新冠肺炎后的应对措施”探讨了为什么旨在产生社会公正、公平和公正结果的法律的框架反而会巩固陈规定型观念并加剧不平等。该项目着眼于法律的规则如何能够加强性别不平等。报告审议了男女不平等分担无酬照护工作对妇女的影响。在欧盟，与世界其他地区一样，女性比男性做更多的无偿护理工作。她们是儿童、残疾人、病人和老年人的主要照顾者，38%的妇女每天花一小时或更多的时间照顾孩子，而男子的这一比例为25%。妇女还参加有报酬的工作，在双亲家庭中，父母双方都可能工作。然而，研究表明，妇女仍然承担着照顾家庭或组织这种照顾的主要责任，例如寻找托儿所、处理紧急情况或计划照顾年迈的父母。因此，妇女现在经常要“双日”或“第二次轮班”，每天必须联合收割机兼做有酬和无酬工作。无酬照护工作的不平等分担对妇女的影响是复杂的。很明显，这影响了女性的经济独立，这可以从性别就业差距、性别薪酬差距和性别养老金差距中看出。由于COVID-19大流行，女性在满足家庭无酬照护需求并将其与工作结合起来方面面临的挑战变得更加困难。例如，各种限制和封锁导致医院和医疗保健服务机构限制其服务，给家庭照顾老人和体弱者带来更大负担。学校和托儿所的关闭将儿童保育和上学的需要转移到家庭身上。除其他外，这影响了妇女从事有偿工作的能力。联合国已认识到COVID-19对妇女的社会影响，以及这些挑战对性别平等进展的威胁。因此，联合国敦促各国政府将性别平等和妇女的经济独立作为COVID后复苏计划的核心。该项目调查COVID-19大流行对女性的影响。它审视了法律的框架，并质疑这些规则及其适用是否促进了性别平等，或者它们是否正在巩固性别陈规定型观念，特别是在无酬照护工作方面。这项工作的一个特别重点是处理欧盟移民的性别层面问题，以及在欧盟境内人员自由流动的法律的规则如何影响负有照顾责任的妇女。当妇女生活在一个新的国家时，她们脱离了家庭的支持网络，在努力将联合收割机有酬工作与无酬照料责任结合起来时，她们面临更多的挑战。此外，研究表明，当妇女负有照顾责任时，通过欧盟在这一领域的法律的规则维护权利和保护对她们来说更加困难，许多妇女和儿童因此在东道国遭受孤立和困难。该项目是学术界和民间社会合作伙伴之间的合作。它将与苏格兰的妇女权利民间社会组织和布鲁塞尔的欧盟层面进行，以制定解决欧盟移民性别层面问题的方法，并将更广泛的妇女权利作为国家和欧盟应对COVID-19恢复规划的一部分。该项目的研究结果将通过学术期刊和会议以及博客、播客和社交媒体广泛宣传，面向政策制定者、公众和其他研究人员。该项目的目的是推动对护理、移民、性别和法律的新思维方式，并影响COVID后恢复的方法，以确保妇女的权利得到承认、保护和促进。