Infrastructures of Exclusion: the Politics of Housing, Heritage and Ruination in Jaffa's Urban Borderlands

当代特拉维夫-贾法的许多外围社区由两种形式的城市基础设施主导：一排排Shikunim，以色列政府在1960-70年代建造的单调的社会主义现代主义住房，以及bayarat的残余物，1948年前巴勒斯坦资产阶级家庭和农民家庭居住在其中，共同工作，有时与犹太人一起生产充满活力的国家柑橘产业。今天，1948年后留在这一地区的少数巴勒斯坦人生活在特拉维夫市依法认定为非法的非正规城市环境中。在人口完全减少的地区，这些建筑要么沦为废墟，要么在文物项目中得到积极保护。这些城市边界主要由米兹拉希姆(中东血统的犹太人)和来自埃塞俄比亚和前苏联的犹太移民、巴勒斯坦人(在贾法)、移民工人(来自菲律宾、尼日利亚和其他地方)以及难民/寻求庇护者(来自厄立特里亚和苏丹)组成，为理解民族国家政权如何在人口稀少的城市地区通过城市基础设施实现领土主权和民族阶级等级制度提供了一个强大的案例研究。研究改变了探索种族、民族、城市空间和以色列边缘群体的“临时生活”(Simone 2019)的视角。它通过提高人们对巴勒斯坦人与被边缘化的以色列-犹太人和移民群体共存的边界空间的认识来做到这一点，提出了对这种关系的创新理解--使它们与有形基础设施和代表性的邻里计划相关，从而形成了居住在密集建筑空间中的概念。在这样做的过程中，它提出了一个关于种族关系的研究应该植根于以色列国家转变过程对巴勒斯坦历史景观产生的影响，并询问了两个现有的以色列关于犹太和巴勒斯坦人口混合的城市的文献。政治地理学家认为民族主义是城市空间动态的核心，他们已经证明了自上而下的市政规划程序如何产生隔离(Yiftakhel 2006，Yiftakhel and Ghanem 2004，Tzfadia and Yacobi 2011)。相反，人类学家使用人种学分析和关系社会学视角来说明在这些非典型城市领域中打破民族主义二元结构的社会互动形式(蒙特雷斯库2015年，蒙特雷斯库和哈桑2018年，内桑森2010,2017年)。通过1950年与特拉维夫合并的混合城市贾法的民族志，我的博士干预展示了国家主权是如何通过城市边缘地区的多种代理人在基础设施上产生的。在这样做的过程中，这项研究对城市跨学科研究提出了更广泛的主张--主张进行方法创新，将“自上而下”和“自下而上”的观点纳入对话。为了完成这本书的手稿，这个项目寻求发展博士研究提出的更广泛的概念性问题，超越最初的田野调查地点，进入特拉维夫-雅法的其他种族、种族和基础设施/废墟结构。它的目的是发展两个分析概念。首先，描述一个地方的居民在构建一种将城市景观与以色列民族认同联系起来的地方感时表现出的行为(例如，欺骗、回避)，尽管有巴勒斯坦过去的痕迹。第二，描述记忆差距，这些差距促进了对国家餐位制作制度的挑战。该项目引起了人们对遗忘和删除的基础设施政治的关注，这是许多当代城市的标志--尤其是那些由种族国家统治的城市(可以在伊斯坦布尔或德里找到比较)。关键的创新是使用人种学方法来说明基础设施是如何与社会生活分开的--但实际上是贯穿并伴随着它的。

Many peripheral neighbourhoods in contemporaryTel Aviv-Jaffa are dominated by two forms of urban infrastructure: rows of shikunim, monotonous socialist modernist housing built by the Israeli state in the 1960-70s, and the remnants of bayarat, pre-1948 dwelling forms in which Palestinian bourgeois families and peasant families lived, working together, and sometimes with Jews, to produce a vibrant national citrus industry. Today, the few Palestinians who remained in this area after 1948 live in informal urban settings legally delegitimised by the Tel Aviv Municipality. In areas that were fully depopulated, these buildings have either fallen into ruination or been actively conserved in heritage projects. Populated mostly by an ethno-class of Mizrahim - Jews of Middle Eastern origin - as well as Jewish immigrants from Ethiopia and the Former Soviet Union, Palestinians (in Jaffa), migrant workers (from Philippines, Nigeria and elsewhere), and refugees/asylum seekers (from Eritrea and Sudan), these urban borderlands present a powerful case study for understanding how ethno-national regimes achieve territorial sovereignty and ethno-class hierarchy through urban infrastructures in depopulated urban areas.The research alters the lens through which to explore race, ethnicity, urban space, and the "improvised lives" (Simone 2019) of Israel's marginalised groups. It does this by raising awareness of the borderland spaces in which Palestinians cohabit with marginalised Israeli-Jewish and migrant groups, presenting an innovative understanding of such relations - making them relational to the physical infrastructures and representational neighourhood plans that inform notions of dwelling in dense built space. In doing so, it makes a case for the study of ethnic relations to be grounded in the affects generated by processes of Israeli state transformation of historic Palestinian landscapes.It also interrogates two existing Israeli literatures on cities with mixed Jewish-Palestinian populations. Arguing that nationalism is central to urban spatial dynamics, political geographers have demonstrated how top-down municipal planning procedures produce segregation (Yiftachel 2006, Yiftachel and Ghanem 2004, Tzfadia and Yacobi 2011). Conversely, anthropologists have used ethnographic analysis and a relational sociological lens to illustrate forms of social interaction that break down nationalist binaries in these atypical urban domains (Monterescu 2015, Monterescu and Hazan 2018, Nathanson 2010, 2017). Through an ethnography of Jaffa, a mixed city municipally united with Tel Aviv in 1950, my doctoral intervention demonstrates how state sovereignty is produced infrastructurally through a multiplicity of agents in the city's peripheral borderlands. In doing so, the research makes broader claims about interdisciplinary research on cities - arguing for methodological innovation that brings "top-down" and "bottom-up" perspectives into dialogue. In order to finalise the book manuscript, this project seeks to develop the broader conceptual questions raised by the doctoral research, by moving beyond the initial field site into other configurations of ethnicity, race, and infrastructure/ruins within Tel Aviv-Jaffa. It aims to develop two analytical notions. First, to describe behaviours that inhabitants of a place manifest (e.g. deception, avoidance) when constructing a sense of place that relates urban landscape to Israeli national identity despite marks of a Palestinian past. Second, to describe memory gaps that facilitate challenges to regimes of national placemaking. The project draws attention to the infrastructural politics of forgetting and erasure that mark many contemporary cities - but particularly those governed by ethno-states (comparisons could be found in Istanbul or Delhi). The key innovation is to use ethnographic methodology to illustrate how the infrastructural isn't separate from social life - but in fact moves through and with it.