Mapping the Political Economy of Drugs and the Death Penalty in Southeast Asia

绘制东南亚毒品和死刑的政治经济图

• 批准号: ES/W011425/1
• 负责人: Carolyn Hoyle
• 金额: $ 99.72万
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FW011425%2F1
• 关键词: Mapping; Political; Economy; Drugs; Death

UN data shows soaring production and trafficking of drugs across Southeast Asia. States have responded with a 'war on drugs', committing to criminal justice solutions over health measures. While some have used 'extrajudicial executions' of drug traffickers, most have increased judicial death sentences. They assert their sovereign right to determine which offences cause most serious harms within their communities and the appropriate punishments, claiming that capital punishment for drug crimes does not breach international law. They claim that those sentenced to death committed heinous drug offences and the public demands capital punishment to deter drug offending, claims that are tenuous given the recent rise in drug trafficking occurred concurrently with increasingly harsh penal responses. Our research will test the veracity of these assumptions and make a major contribution to our ongoing programme of research in Southeast Asia, including recent studies on public and 'elite' opinions (Hoyle, 2021a,b). Our research will challenge the efficacy of the death penalty, and rationales for retention for drug crimes, while developing scholarship on capital punishment in the region. To better understand states' responses to drug offences, and contribute to the wider theorization of penal power, the project aims to gather qualitative and quantitative data on how Southeast Asian jurisdictions' criminal justice responses to drug offending are shaped by historical and contemporary power relations, politics and culture. Collecting original data alongside information held by statutory and civil society bodies, it will map who is sentenced to death for drug offences - including their race, gender, socio-economic status and citizenship-and why. Focusing on Indonesia as a case study for Southeast Asia, interviewing drug offenders in prison and those in the community who are part of a drug crime network, we will explore the motivations for drug-related crime, considering contextual, situational and interactional factors that led some to commit serious drug offences while others resisted. In so doing, we will assess the extent to which the death penalty can deter potential drug offenders. This innovative research on deterrence will shift the theoretical, methodological and geographical focus away from the US, and develop scholarship on penal power and punishment regimes in the global south. Our research findings will be widely disseminated through a variety of media. We will continue to develop our productive relationships with professionals and users of our research across Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia. We will build a dissemination strategy attuned to these relationships, bringing relevant stakeholders into an ongoing dialogue, and building capacity among local academics. While some workshops and seminars throughout the project will be 'closed', to manage sensitivities, most dissemination will reach wide audiences, including scholars in the region, to achieve maximum awareness and to foster dialogue.International human rights law has so far failed adequately to challenge the retention and administration of the death penalty in Southeast Asia. Robust theoretical and empirical research that identifies and confronts the boundaries of regional rationales and identifies means of shifting the discourse could change policy and practice. Where we have drawn on our empirical and theoretical work in the past, we have realised change, most recently in the PI and Co-I's written submissions to the government of Sierra Leone which resulted in abolition of the death penalty there, and we are currently using our research in a constitutional challenge to the death penalty in Guyana. These and other efforts in Asia demonstrate the potential for excellent academic research to inform policy and practice and to secure legal change when it is effectively harnessed for impact. Our work will assist local academics and partner NGOs in these efforts.

联合国数据显示，东南亚毒品生产和贩运激增。各国以“毒品战争”作为回应，承诺采取刑事司法解决方案而不是健康措施。虽然有些国家对贩毒者使用了“法外处决”，但大多数国家增加了司法死刑。他们坚持自己的主权权利，以确定哪些罪行在其社区内造成最严重的伤害和适当的惩罚，声称对毒品犯罪判处死刑并不违反国际法。他们声称，那些被判处死刑的人犯下了令人发指的毒品罪，公众要求判处死刑以遏制毒品犯罪，鉴于最近贩毒活动的增加与日益严厉的刑事反应同时发生，这种说法是站不住脚的。我们的研究将测试这些假设的真实性，并为我们在东南亚正在进行的研究计划做出重大贡献，包括最近对公众和“精英”意见的研究（霍伊尔，2021 a，B）。我们的研究将挑战死刑的有效性，以及保留毒品犯罪的理由，同时发展该地区的死刑奖学金。为了更好地了解各国对毒品犯罪的反应，并为更广泛的刑罚权力理论化做出贡献，该项目旨在收集有关东南亚司法管辖区对毒品犯罪的刑事司法反应如何受到历史和当代权力关系，政治和文化影响的定性和定量数据。它收集原始数据以及法定和民间社会机构掌握的信息，将绘制谁因毒品犯罪被判处死刑的地图-包括他们的种族，性别，社会经济地位和公民身份-以及为什么。以印度尼西亚为重点，作为东南亚的案例研究，采访监狱中的毒品罪犯和社区中属于毒品犯罪网络的人，我们将探讨与毒品有关的犯罪的动机，考虑导致一些人犯下严重毒品犯罪而另一些人抵制的背景，情境和干扰因素。在此过程中，我们将评估死刑在多大程度上可以威慑潜在的毒品犯罪者。这一创新的威慑研究将转移理论，方法和地理重点远离美国，并发展在全球南部的刑罚权力和惩罚制度的奖学金。我们的研究成果将通过各种媒体广泛传播。我们将继续发展与东南亚，特别是印度尼西亚的专业人士和研究用户的富有成效的关系。我们将建立一个与这些关系相适应的传播战略，使相关利益攸关方参与持续对话，并在当地学术界建立能力。虽然整个项目中的一些讲习班和研讨会将被“关闭”，但为了控制敏感性，大多数传播将面向广泛的受众，包括该地区的学者，以实现最大限度的认识并促进对话。国际人权法迄今未能充分挑战东南亚保留和实施死刑的问题。强有力的理论和实证研究，确定和面对区域理论的界限，并确定改变话语的手段，可以改变政策和实践。在我们借鉴过去的经验和理论工作的地方，我们已经实现了变化，最近是在PI和Co-I向塞拉利昂政府提交的书面意见中，导致那里废除了死刑，我们目前正在利用我们的研究对圭亚那的死刑提出宪法挑战。亚洲的这些努力和其他努力表明，优秀的学术研究有潜力为政策和实践提供信息，并在有效发挥影响力时确保法律的变革。我们的工作将协助当地学者和非政府组织伙伴开展这些工作。