Prosocial Risk Taking as a Predictor of Social Inclusion Across Group Lines

亲社会风险承担是跨群体社会包容的预测因素

• 批准号: ES/X00600X/1
• 负责人: Bethany Corbett
• 金额: $ 11.45万
• 依托单位: Queen's University Belfast
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FX00600X%2F1
• 关键词: Prosocial; Risk; Taking; Predictor; Social

Prosocial behaviour is behaviour which is performed to benefit other people (e.g. sharing, helping, comforting). Performing prosocial behaviour has positive effects within individuals (e.g. mental wellbeing), between individuals (e.g. bullying reduction), between groups (e.g. conflict reduction) and at a societal level (e.g. tolerance and collective action). Different sub-types of prosocial behaviour are associated with different antecedents and outcomes, and so it is important for researchers to consider these individually, if they are to influence their occurrence. Yet, one newly proposed type of prosocial behaviour has been largely ignored: prosocial risk taking (PSRT). That is, helping other individuals at a potential risk to oneself (Do et al., 2017). Clear examples of PSRT have been seen in recent world events (e.g. the Covid-19 pandemic and the conflict in Ukraine), and other every-day examples can be brought to mind (e.g. a child defending a friend from a bully). Given that PSRT can be seen all around us, it is surprising that very few studies have examined this construct or proposed a method to capture it. This was the focus of my PhD research, in which I developed a behavioural task to measure children's willingness to take a prosocial risk. Children could play a game that guaranteed they would win a good prize but that a peer won a bad prize, or could choose another game giving each child a 50/50 chance of winning a good/bad prize (Corbett et al., 2021). The first aim of the fellowship is to disseminate what I have already learned about children's PSRT by publishing further work from my PhD, and presenting at leading conferences in the field. New research will generate knowledge regarding the social implications of PSRT by examining it as a predictor of social inclusion. Groups tend to differ in power and status; regarding inclusion, lower status group members risk rejection from higher status group members, while the latter risk reputation damage through association with the former. Individuals who are highly prosocial in other domains (e.g. sharing) may not include in this context (i.e. across a group boundary) because they are relatively risk averse; thus, what may be required is an interaction between prosocial and risk taking traits. Thus, PSRT may be an unexplored antecedent of social inclusion - a persistent social problem globally. Northern Ireland and Queen's University Belfast is the ideal setting to carry out this research given the presence of two salient ethnic groups (Catholics and Protestants), who remain largely segregated from one another. By considering the social implications for real groups, we address an important limitation of many existing studies of prosocial behaviour (Taylor, 2020). A further aim is to forge links with an extensive network of researchers, which will be achieved by leveraging my mentors' existing networks. I will collaborate on secondary data to develop hard skills: (i) advanced statistical analysis, and (ii) manuscript development, which will be accelerated due to existing available data and my prior knowledge of the subject area. Impact and public engagement activities will also be a key part of this fellowship; these activities will provide an opportunity to achieve impact from my findings by establishing two-way communication with the local community, benefiting my personal development, the quality of research, and the public. I will develop a local advisory council representing different stakeholders, e.g. youth, educators, NGOs. I will develop future funding proposals from findings across my PhD and this fellowship, which would allow me to carry out an independent program of research around prosocial development, with a particular focus on prosocial risk taking, given its largely neglected status and potential for societal impact.

亲社会行为是指为了使他人受益而进行的行为（例如分享，帮助，安慰）。表现出亲社会行为在个人内部（如心理健康）、个人之间（如减少欺凌）、群体之间（如减少冲突）和社会层面（如宽容和集体行动）都有积极影响。亲社会行为的不同子类型与不同的前因和结果相关，因此研究人员必须单独考虑这些因素，如果它们要影响它们的发生。然而，一种新提出的亲社会行为类型在很大程度上被忽视了：亲社会风险承担（PSRT）。也就是说，帮助其他对自己有潜在风险的人（Do等人，2017年）。在最近的世界事件中（例如新冠肺炎大流行和乌克兰冲突），可以看到PSRT的明显例子，并且可以想到其他日常例子（例如一个孩子保护朋友免受欺凌）。考虑到PSRT在我们周围随处可见，令人惊讶的是，很少有研究研究检查这个结构或提出一种方法来捕捉它。这是我博士研究的重点，我开发了一个行为任务来衡量儿童承担亲社会风险的意愿。孩子们可以玩一个游戏，保证他们会赢得一个好的奖品，但一个同龄人赢得了一个坏的奖品，或者可以选择另一个游戏，让每个孩子有50/50的机会赢得一个好/坏的奖品（Corbett等人，2021年）。奖学金的第一个目的是通过出版我博士学位的进一步工作，并在该领域的主要会议上发表，传播我已经了解到的关于儿童PSRT的知识。新的研究将产生关于PSRT的社会影响的知识，通过检查它作为社会包容的预测因素。群体往往在权力和地位上有所不同;在包容性方面，地位较低的群体成员有被地位较高的群体成员拒绝的风险，而地位较高的群体成员则有因与地位较低的群体成员交往而声誉受损的风险。在其他领域（例如分享）高度亲社会的个体可能不会包括在这种情况下（即跨越群体边界），因为他们相对厌恶风险;因此，可能需要的是亲社会和冒险特质之间的相互作用。因此，PSRT可能是社会包容的一个未被探索的先决条件-一个持续存在的全球性社会问题。鉴于存在两个突出的种族群体（天主教徒和新教徒），而且他们在很大程度上仍然相互隔离，北方爱尔兰和女王大学贝尔法斯特是开展这项研究的理想环境。通过考虑对真实的群体的社会影响，我们解决了许多现有亲社会行为研究的一个重要局限性（Taylor，2020）。 另一个目标是与广泛的研究人员网络建立联系，这将通过利用我的导师现有的网络来实现。我将在二手数据上进行合作，以培养硬技能：（i）高级统计分析，（ii）手稿开发，由于现有的可用数据和我对主题领域的先前知识，这将加快。影响和公众参与活动也将是该奖学金的重要组成部分;这些活动将提供一个机会，通过与当地社区建立双向沟通，使我的研究结果产生影响，有利于我的个人发展，研究质量和公众。我将建立一个地方咨询理事会，代表不同的利益攸关方，如青年、教育工作者、非政府组织。我将根据我的博士学位和这项奖学金的研究结果制定未来的资助计划，这将使我能够围绕亲社会发展开展独立的研究计划，特别关注亲社会风险承担，因为它在很大程度上被忽视了社会影响的地位和潜力。