SENSATION AND BEHAVIOR IN FETUS AND NEWBORN

发育过程是由刺激激活和塑造的。 刺激的来源，或经验，可以在 发展生物的栖息地。我们已经确定并量化了 通常存在于产前和分娩中的生物刺激 挪威鼠的栖息地(褐家鼠)。母性行为和 生理学提供丰富的触觉、前庭和热刺激 胎儿和新生的哺乳动物。在怀孕期间，母亲的运动 自我修饰能刺激胎儿进入子宫。在分娩期间，子宫 宫缩会压缩和加速胎儿。在出生期间，幼崽是 暴露在长时间的冷却和相关的额外刺激中 伴随着母亲的舔和取回。母体来源的刺激是 由围产期大鼠检测到的，行为和自主神经证明 回应。母体来源的刺激对 新生儿的产后适应，通过促进出生时的呼吸 以及哺乳的开始。性唤醒似乎在 这些里程碑式事件的发展出现。在当前 应用，我们建议对行为和生理唤醒进行研究 在新生大鼠身上。运动活动，心率，代谢活动， 将测量呼吸频率和超声波发声。 在产后期间。循环儿茶酚胺 (去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺)也将被测量。 将进行乳头连接测试，以联系行为和 生理变量对新生儿行为功能的影响。这一系列 调查将有助于加深对两国关系的了解 行为/生理变量、新生儿唤醒和产前之间的关系 学习。这些研究将解决有关以下方面的重要问题 从出生前到出生后的过渡。早期发展研究 可提供用于解释和整合新数据的框架，以及 可以帮助指导未来在基础科学和应用领域的研究 科学。

Developmental processes are activated and shaped by stimulation. Sources of stimulation, or experience, can be found within the developing organism's habitat. We have identified and quantified biological stimuli that are normally present in the prenatal and natal habitats of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). Maternal behavior and physiology provide abundant tactile, vestibular and thermal stimulation to fetal and newborn mammals. During gestation, the mother's locomotion and self-grooming stimulate fetuses in utero. During labor, uterine contractions compress and accelerate fetuses. During birth, pups are exposed to prolonged cooling, and to additional stimulation associated with the mother's licking and retrieving. Maternally-derived stimuli are detected by perinatal rats, as evidenced by behavioral and autonomic responses. Maternally-derived stimuli make important contributions to postpartum adaptation of the neonate, by facilitating breathing at birth and the onset of suckling. Arousal appears to play an important role in the developmental emergence of these milestone events. In the current application, we propose studies of behavioral and physiological arousal in newborn rats. Motor activity, heart rate, metabolic activity, respiratory frequency, and ultrasonic vocalizations, will be measured during the postpartum period. Circulating catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) will also be measured. Tests of nipple attachment will be performed to relate behavioral and physiological variables to neonatal behavioral function. This series of investigations will lead to improved understanding of the relations between behavioral/physiological variables, neonatal arousal and prenatal learning. These studies will address important issues regarding the transition from prenatal to postnatal life. Studies of early development can provide a framework for interpreting and integrating new data, and can help direct future investigations in basic science and in applied science.