Ecologies of violence: heritage and conflict in more-than-human worlds

我原来的FLF项目，材料记忆（2019年5月至2023年4月），探索考古学和遗产研究的贡献，以了解在二十世纪的冲突和专制政权在南美洲的后果发生的持续的社会和文化伤疤，与阿根廷法医人类学团队（EAAF）合作。项目的地理范围随后扩大到包括东南亚（特别是老挝），经资助者批准，在gcrf资助的老挝和柬埔寨实地考察的基础上，引入了项目的比较方面，而我正在等待原始申请的结果。这个更新方案建立在原始项目的基础上，通过探索冲突和专制暴力对自然遗产和环境的影响，关注人类以外世界冲突的物质记忆。虽然武装冲突对受影响社区（建筑和可移动）文化遗产的影响受到了遗产研究和考古学学者的极大关注，但暴力对生物多样性和自然遗产的物理和生态印记迄今在很大程度上被忽视了。同样，自1954年《武装冲突情况下保护文化财产海牙公约》起草以来，文化遗产得到了国际政策保护（可以说更早的时候通过其他政策和公约），但目前还没有这样的公约来保护武装冲突情况下的自然环境。更新项目的创新之处在于提出了一种整体和比较的方法，将20世纪暴力对巴拉圭、老挝和法国自然和文化遗产的持久影响结合在一起。后者是一个新增加的项目，将项目的比较要素扩展到全球北部，并扩大国际伙伴和合作者网络。在此过程中，该项目将展示这些过去/当地的影响如何与当前/地球关注的问题联系起来，包括气候和灭绝紧急情况以及全球社会和经济不平等的持续问题。虽然传统上认为遗产实践是与自然和文化衰败的过程相对抗的，这些过程应该被减缓或阻止，但探索暴力的遗产和生态却扭转了这一趋势，我们要问的是，我们如何才能在无处不在的、广泛存在的、有时是有毒的副产品和持续存在的冲突的残余中生存，这些冲突不会轻易腐烂，也不会对子孙后代的景观产生影响。这些景观体现了20世纪更为重要的遗产；工业化冲突如何不可逆转地重塑了地球，鉴于人类世对地球的重大转变，我们都将越来越需要学会在破坏的环境中生活。与一系列组织（包括排雷非政府组织和自然保护机构）和研究人员建立新的国际和地方伙伴关系和合作，该项目将在汇集与文化和自然遗产有关的国际研究、政策制定和实践方面发挥领导作用，探索它们之间的接口和关系。通过研究暴力对当地景观、生态和人类的影响，以及探索人权和非人权的相关概念，该项目将展示景观如何“记住”过去对文化和自然的暴力，以及这些物质和生物伤疤如何在当代世界持续存在并继续影响当地社区。

My original FLF project, Material Memories (May 2019-April 2023), explores the contributions of archaeology and heritage studies to understanding the ongoing social and cultural scars that occur in the aftermath of twentieth century conflicts and authoritarian regimes in South America, in partnership with the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF). The geographical scope of the project was subsequently expanded to include Southeast Asia (specifically Laos), as approved by the funder, to introduce a comparative aspect to the project, building on GCRF-funded fieldwork undertaken in Laos and Cambodia in 2019 whilst I was awaiting the results of the original application. This renewal proposal builds on and compliments the original project by focusing on the material memories of conflict in more-than-human worlds through an exploration of the impact of conflict and authoritarian violence on natural heritage and the environment. While the impact of armed conflict on (built and moveable) cultural heritage in affected communities has received significant attention from scholars in heritage studies and archaeology, the physical and ecological imprint of violence on biodiversity and natural heritage has thus far largely been neglected. Similarly, cultural heritage has received international policy protection since the drafting of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (and arguably earlier through other policies and conventions), but no such convention currently exists for the protection of the natural environment in the event of armed conflict. The renewal project is innovative in proposing a holistic and comparative approach that brings together an exploration of the lasting impacts of twentieth century violence on both natural and cultural heritage in Paraguay, Laos and France. The latter is a new addition to expand the comparative elements of the project to the global north and broaden the network of international partners and collaborators. In doing so, the project will show how these past/local impacts relate to issues of present/planetary concern, including the climate and extinction emergencies and ongoing issues of global social and economic inequality. While heritage practices are conventionally understood to be pitted against processes of natural and cultural decay, which should be slowed or arrested, exploring the heritage and ecologies of violence reverses this to ask how instead we might exist amongst the ubiquitous, widespread and sometimes toxic by-products and remnants of conflict which persist, do not readily decay and impact upon landscapes for generations to come. These landscapes speak to a more significant legacy of the twentieth century; how industrialized conflicts have reshaped the planet irreversibly and how, in light of the significant human planetary transformations of the Anthropocene, we will all increasingly need to learn to live with and in landscapes of devastation.Building new international and local partnerships and collaborations with a range of organisations (including demining NGOs and nature conservation agencies) and researchers, the project will show leadership in bringing together international research, policy-making and practice in relation to cultural and natural heritage, exploring the interfaces and relationships between them. Through studying the local impacts of violence on landscapes, ecologies and people, and exploring associated concepts of human and non-human rights, the project will show how landscapes 'remember' past violence against both culture and nature, and how these material and biological scars persist in the contemporary world and continue to affect local communities.