DIFFERENCES IN SWALLOW MECHANICS IN INFANTS

描述：吞咽需要20多块肌肉的协调。 然而，这些肌肉在口腔和口腔中的活动模式 对燕子咽部阶段的了解很少，也很少 了解来自外围设备的反馈如何与来自 更高的中心产生一只燕子。此外，这一问题的性质 在断奶时吞下变化，但几乎没有任何信息存在 运动模式的发育差异。如此详细的信息 不仅对于理解正常的燕子是必不可少的，而且 也可用于临床吞咽困难的治疗。这个项目将会发展 三岁猪吞咽功能的完整模型： 新生儿，接近断奶婴儿和断奶后。在每个年龄段，在两个年龄段 单独的一组实验，推进剂的运动和 用于吞咽的口咽结构将被确定 在电影放射成像方面，使用同步的肌电记录 涉及到的肌肉。第一组实验将使用唤醒 正常饲喂动物并记录来自有限数量的肌肉 无需大范围手术即可使用。第二盘将分两个阶段进行 终极实验。在第一阶段维持的氯胺酮 麻醉时，会从较多的肌肉记录活动情况 通过更广泛的手术到达；燕子将在 氯胺酮以类似于正常刺激的方式麻醉动物 喂食。在第二阶段，运动皮质或大脑半球 将被移除并被吞咽由相同的刺激引起 第一阶段。这将测试肌肉活动的模式是否 在吞咽过程中由固定的脑干运动模式控制 随年龄变化或此运动模式是否可由 引起吞咽的刺激的性质。把这些放在一起 实验将确定年龄和外界影响对 燕子的本性。

DESCRIPTION: Swallowing requires coordination of more than 20 muscles. However the activity pattern of these muscles during the oral and pharyngeal stages of the swallow is poorly understood and little is known how feedback from the periphery is integrated with control from higher centers to produce a swallow. Furthermore, the nature of the swallow changes at weaning, but almost no information exits on developmental differences in motor patterns. Such detailed information is essential not only for the understanding of a normal swallow, but also for the clinical management of dysphagia. This project will develop a complete model of swallowing function in the pig at three ages: neonate, near weaning infant and postweaning. At each age, in two separate set of experiments, the movements of the bolus and of the oropharyngeal structures used in swallowing will be determined cineradiographically, with synchronous electromyographic recordings of the muscles involved. The first set of experiments will use awake normally feeding animals and record from the limited number of muscles accessible without extensive surgery. The second set will be a two-stage terminal experiment. In the first stage under maintained Ketamine anesthesia, activity will be recorded from the larger number of muscles reached by more extensive surgery; swallows will be elicited in the Ketamine anesthetized animals by stimuli similar to those of normal feeding. In the second stage, the motor cortices or cerebral hemispheres will be removed and swallows elicited by the same stimuli as in the first stage. This will test whether the pattern of muscle activity during the swallow is controlled by a fixed brainstem motor pattern that changes with age or whether this motor pattern can be modified by the nature of the stimuli initiating the swallow. Taken together these experiments will determine the effects of age and outside influences on the nature of swallow.