Corinth Virtual Site Survey: Integrating Geophysical Data for Syn-rift Stratigraphy, Fault and Basin Evolution and Advancing IODP Proposed Drilling

科林斯虚拟现场调查：整合同裂谷地层学、断层和盆地演化的地球物理数据并推进 IODP 提议的钻探

• 批准号: NE/J006564/1
• 负责人: Lisa McNeill
• 金额: $ 26.63万
• 依托单位: University of Southampton
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FJ006564%2F1
• 关键词: Corinth; Virtual; Site; Survey; Integrating

The breaking apart of a continent to form extended continental margins and ultimately ocean basins is a process that can last for 10s of millions of years. The start of this process of rifting is thought to contribute significantly to the structure and sedimentary layering of the continental margins that have formed by its end. Often the details of how rifting initiates and develops in the first few million years are lost in the complexities of deformation and thick sediment layers beneath the continent's edges. To understand the early phases, we have to study areas where rifting has only recently started, and the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, is a key example in its first few millions of years of history. Across the Gulf, the two sides of the rift are moving apart at up to 20 mm every year and this high rate of extension results in numerous earthquakes which historically have been very destructive. The rapid extension also results in a rapidly developing rift basin which is partially submerged beneath the sea and filling with sediments. Within the Gulf, a large volume of marine geophysical data has been collected, including detailed maps of the seabed, as well as seismic data that use sound sources to give cross-sections of material beneath the seabed. The seismic data allow us to directly image the accumulated sediment layers and to identify faults that offset the layers and create the basin. This project will integrate these data to make a very detailed interpretation of the sediment layers (and their likely age) and fault planes. Imaging and assigning ages to the layers, by comparing with models of climate and sea level change, allows us to determine how the basin has developed through time. The fault planes imaged by the data generate the extension and subsidence of the rift, and their history of activity controls how the basin develops. The results will be used to generate the first high resolution model of rift development over the initial few million years of a rift's history and will help to address some of the unanswered questions of how continents break apart. The model will be used by a range of scientists, including those trying to understand how tectonics, landscape morphology and climate all interact to cause sediments to move from one place to another: rift basins are one of the main sinks for sediments and we will calculate how the volume of sediment delivered to the Corinth basin has changed with time, as faults move and as climate changes. The majority of the world's petroleum resources are found in old rifts, but often details of how the rift developed and the detailed geometry of the rock units in which the oil is now found are masked by other geological processes and by shallower sediment layers. Understanding the early rift processes is important for determining where and what kind of sediments will be deposited in different parts of the basin with time. We will also analyse details of how individual faults grow and interact with other faults in the rift: this process affects where sediments enter a rift basin and is therefore also important for identifying petroleum reservoirs.The rift faults are responsible for the destructive earthquakes in central Greece, so this project's analysis of fault location and rate of slip will also help us to better understand the potential hazard, increasing the potential for reduction of associated risk.Ultimately, the project will be used to select sites for drilling and sampling the sediments of the rift zone, through the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. These samples would provide: the actual age of sediment layers, and hence well resolved slip rates for each active fault and a test for the rift models generated here; and the types of sediments, that will tell us more about the regional climate of the last few millions of years and where sediments that typically form hydrocarbon reservoirs are located in this analogue for older rift systems like the North Sea.

大陆分裂形成延伸的大陆边缘并最终形成海洋盆地的过程可能会持续数十亿年。人们认为，这一裂谷过程的开始对其结束时形成的大陆边缘的结构和沉积层有重大贡献。通常，裂谷在最初几百万年中如何启动和发展的细节会因变形的复杂性和大陆边缘下方厚厚的沉积层而丢失。为了了解早期阶段，我们必须研究裂谷最近才开始的地区，希腊科林斯湾是裂谷最初几百万年历史的一个关键例子。在整个海湾地区，裂谷的两侧每年都会以高达 20 毫米的速度移动，如此高的延伸率导致了许多地震，这些地震在历史上都是极具破坏性的。快速扩张还导致了快速发展的裂谷盆地，该盆地部分淹没在海底并充满沉积物。在海湾内，收集了大量的海洋地球物理数据，包括详细的海底地图，以及使用声源提供海底物质横截面的地震数据。地震数据使我们能够直接对积累的沉积物层进行成像，并识别偏移各层并形成盆地的断层。该项目将整合这些数据，对沉积层（及其可能的年龄）和断层面进行非常详细的解释。通过与气候和海平面变化模型进行比较，对各层进行成像并确定其年龄，使我们能够确定盆地随时间的发展情况。数据成像的断层面产生裂谷的延伸和沉降，它们的活动历史控制着盆地的发育。研究结果将用于生成裂谷历史最初几百万年裂谷发展的第一个高分辨率模型，并将有助于解决一些尚未解答的大陆如何分裂的问题。该模型将被一系列科学家使用，包括那些试图了解构造、景观形态和气候如何相互作用导致沉积物从一个地方移动到另一个地方的科学家：裂谷盆地是沉积物的主要汇之一，我们将计算随着断层移动和气候变化，输送到科林斯盆地的沉积物体积如何随时间变化。世界上大部分石油资源都在古老的裂谷中发现，但裂谷如何发育的细节以及现在发现石油的岩石单元的详细几何形状往往被其他地质过程和较浅的沉积层所掩盖。了解早期裂谷过程对于确定随着时间的推移盆地不同部分沉积物的位置和类型非常重要。我们还将分析裂谷中各个断层如何生长以及与其他断层相互作用的细节：这个过程会影响沉积物进入裂谷盆地的位置，因此对于识别石油储层也很重要。裂谷断层是希腊中部破坏性地震的原因，因此该项目对断层位置和滑动率的分析也将帮助我们更好地了解潜在危险，增加减少相关风险的潜力。最终，该项目将 通过综合海洋钻探计划，可用于选择裂谷带沉积物钻探和取样地点。这些样本将提供：沉积物层的实际年龄，从而很好地解析每个活动断层的滑移率，以及对此处生成的裂谷模型的测试；以及沉积物的类型，这将告诉我们更多关于过去几百万年的区域气候的信息，以及通常形成碳氢化合物储层的沉积物位于北海等较古老裂谷系统的类似位置的信息。

项目成果

Rapid spatiotemporal variations in rift structure during development of the Corinth Rift, central Greece

• DOI: 10.1002/2015tc004026
• 发表时间: 2016-05
• 期刊: Tectonics
• 影响因子: 4.2
• 作者: C. Nixon;L. McNeill;J. Bull;R. Bell;R. Gawthorpe;T. Henstock;D. Christodoulou;M. Ford;B. Taylor;D. Sakellariou;G. Ferentinos;G. Papatheodorou;M. Leeder;R. Collier;A. Goodliffe;M. Sachpazi;H. Kranis

Drilling to Resolve the Evolution of the Corinth Rift IODP Ocean Drilling Within the Corinth Rift, Greece; Athens, Greece, 11-14 February 2014

钻探解决科林斯裂谷演化问题 IODP 希腊科林斯裂谷内的海洋钻探；

• DOI: 10.1002/2014eo200009
• 发表时间: 2014
• 期刊: Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
• 作者: McNeill L

Basin evolution, organization of faulting and the distribution of displacement within the Gulf of Corinth rift

科林斯湾裂谷内的盆地演化、断层组织和位移分布

• 作者: Casey Nixon (Author)

High-angle, not low-angle, normal faults dominate early rift extension in the Corinth Rift, central Greece

• DOI: 10.1130/g39560.1
• 发表时间: 2017-12
• 期刊: Geology
• 影响因子: 5.8
• 作者: R. Bell;G. Duclaux;C. Nixon;R. Gawthorpe;L. McNeill

Expedition 381 Preliminary Report: Corinth Active Rift Development

381 探险队初步报告：科林斯活跃裂谷发育

• DOI: 10.14379/iodp.pr.381.2019
• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Shillington D