Ecological response to environmental change in the Boreal Realm and the origins of three mass extinction events

北方地区环境变化的生态反应以及三次大规模灭绝事件的起源

• 批准号: NE/J01799X/1
• 负责人: David Bond
• 金额: $ 75.89万
• 依托单位: University of Hull
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FJ01799X%2F1
• 关键词: Ecological; response; environmental; change; Boreal

Since the Cambrian Explosion of life on Earth, about 540 million years ago (Ma), ecosystems have been suffered repeated mass extinctions. There have been at least five major extinctions since then, most recently the famous event 65Ma, that wiped out the dinosaurs. Life has shown itself to be remarkably resilient, and it follows that mass extinctions result from serious environmental stress. We live in a time of growing concern that Earth is about to see, or already is going through, a modern mass extinction to rival those of the geological past. In June 2011, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reported that a combination of environmental stresses on the oceans is creating the conditions associated with every previous mass extinction. The greatest threats are warming (mainly from greenhouse gases), marine oxygen depletion, ocean acidification, and eutrophication (a process that leads to blooms in life but can ultimately destabilise ecosystems). The difference between these threats in the past and present is that today they have a human origin. In the past they may have resulted from catastrophic volcanism, with widespread volcanic rocks (known as "large igneous provinces") associated with most extinctions. The underlying cause of change may be different between past and present, but there is concern that the effect (extinction) may be the same. We can learn much from Earth's past, and parallels can be drawn between future scenarios, and mass extinctions in the geological record. All of the aforementioned environmental stresses have been suggested as causes of the biggest crisis of all time, at the close of the Permian (251Ma), when 95% of species disappeared. Similar environmental changes have also been implicated in an earlier extinction in the Middle Permian (260Ma), and another at the end of the subsequent Triassic period (200Ma). This 60 million year interval witnessed some of the most important and remarkable events in the history of the planet, each extinction fundamentally shaping evolution and therefore our very existence.In this project I will study each of the three events between 260-200Ma, paying particular attention to Polar north oceans, an area known as the "Boreal Realm". Not only are past extinctions poorly understood in the Boreal Realm, this region has greatest uncertainty in the future. My investigations will start with geological fieldwork in Spitsbergen and Siberia, both regions that in the Permian and Triassic, as now, were located in the Arctic. I will sample the three extinction intervals, and my first objective will be to work out when, and how severe the extinctions were, and which species were most affected. I will do this using microscope slides of my samples. I will use several techniques to evaluate which environmental stresses were the likely causes of these crises. These techniques include geochemical analyses of molybdenum and strontium isotopes, looking at tiny pyrite blobs under a high-power microscope, and using an extremely powerful computer model, known as GENIE, all of which tell us about past oceans. A major challenge is to correlate rocks from the Polar regions with those from the tropics, in order to work out whether the Polar oceans suffered more, or less. I will produce a "chemical clock" based on carbon isotopes in the rocks, which will allow me to match sequences in Spitsbergen and Russia with those from elsewhere.The main goal of this project is to identify whether there is a latitudinal variation to extinction risk. This might influence the fate of Boreal communities in the future, and my study will inform future governance of the world's oceans, as we look to prevent a contemporary mass extinction. The results will not only be useful for geologists, but also to policy makers that extend through groups such as IUCN, right up to the United Nations, that is ultimately charged with protecting our oceans for future generations.

自从大约5.4亿年前（Ma）地球上的寒武纪生命爆发以来，生态系统一直遭受反复的大规模破坏。从那时起，至少发生了五次大规模的灭绝事件，最近一次是著名的65 Ma事件，它消灭了恐龙。生命已经显示出其非凡的适应力，因此，大规模的灭绝是由严重的环境压力造成的。我们生活在一个越来越担心地球即将看到或已经经历现代大规模灭绝的时代，与地质学上的过去相媲美。2011年6月，国际自然保护联盟（自然保护联盟）报告说，对海洋的各种环境压力正在创造与以往每一次大规模灭绝有关的条件。最大的威胁是气候变暖（主要来自温室气体）、海洋氧气消耗、海洋酸化和富营养化（导致生命繁盛但最终可能破坏生态系统稳定的过程）。过去和现在的这些威胁之间的区别在于，今天它们是人为的。在过去，它们可能是灾难性的火山作用的结果，广泛分布的火山岩（称为“大火成岩省”）与大多数火山活动有关。过去和现在的变化的根本原因可能不同，但人们担心的是，结果（灭绝）可能是相同的。我们可以从地球的过去学到很多东西，并且可以在未来的情景和地质记录中的大规模灭绝之间进行比较。所有上述的环境压力都被认为是有史以来最大的危机的原因，在二叠纪（251 Ma）结束时，95%的物种消失了。类似的环境变化也与中二叠世（260 Ma）的早期灭绝有关，另一次是在随后的三叠纪（200 Ma）结束时。这6000万年的间隔见证了地球历史上一些最重要和最显着的事件，每一次灭绝都从根本上塑造了进化，因此我们的存在。在这个项目中，我将研究260- 200 Ma之间的三个事件中的每一个，特别关注极地北部海洋，一个被称为“北方领域”的地区。不仅是过去的预防措施知之甚少，在北方领域，这个地区有最大的不确定性，在未来。我的调查将从斯匹次卑尔根和西伯利亚的地质实地考察开始，这两个地区在二叠纪和三叠纪，就像现在一样，位于北极。我将对三个灭绝间隔进行采样，我的首要目标是找出灭绝的时间、程度以及哪些物种受到的影响最大。我将使用我的样本的显微镜载玻片来做到这一点。我将使用几种技术来评估哪些环境压力是这些危机的可能原因。这些技术包括钼和锶同位素的地球化学分析，在高倍显微镜下观察微小的黄铁矿斑点，并使用一个非常强大的计算机模型，称为GENIE，所有这些都告诉我们过去的海洋。一个主要的挑战是将极地地区的岩石与热带地区的岩石相关联，以确定极地海洋遭受的损失是多还是少。我将根据岩石中的碳同位素制作一个“化学钟”，这将使我能够将斯匹次卑尔根和俄罗斯的序列与其他地方的序列相匹配。这个项目的主要目标是确定灭绝风险是否存在纬度变化。这可能会影响未来北方群落的命运，我的研究将为未来世界海洋的治理提供信息，因为我们希望防止当代的大规模灭绝。研究结果不仅对地质学家有用，而且对决策者也有用，这些决策者通过世界自然保护联盟等团体一直到联合国，最终负责为子孙后代保护我们的海洋。

项目成果

The astronomical rhythm of Late-Devonian climate change (Kowala section, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

• DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.016
• 发表时间: 2013-03-01
• 期刊: EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS
• 影响因子: 5.3
• 作者: De Vleeschouwer, David;Rakocinski, Michal;Claeys, Philippe
• 通讯作者: Claeys, Philippe

On the causes of mass extinctions

• DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.005
• 发表时间: 2017-07-15
• 期刊: PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY
• 影响因子: 3
• 作者: Bond, David P. G.;Grasby, Stephen E.
• 通讯作者: Grasby, Stephen E.

An abrupt extinction in the Middle Permian (Capitanian) of the Boreal Realm (Spitsbergen) and its link to anoxia and acidification

• DOI: 10.1130/b31216.1
• 发表时间: 2015-09-01
• 期刊: GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN
• 影响因子: 4.9
• 作者: Bond, David P. G.;Wignall, Paul B.;Blomeier, Dierk P. G.
• 通讯作者: Blomeier, Dierk P. G.

New Minimal 87Sr/86Sr Values in Permian Biogenic Carbonates of the Omolon Massif (Northeastern Asia)

• DOI: 10.1134/s1028334x19100027
• 发表时间: 2019-10
• 期刊: Doklady Earth Sciences
• 影响因子: 0.9
• 作者: A. Biakov;I. V. Brynko;D. Bond;J. Harvey;N. Goryachev;I. L. Vedernikov;T. Filimonova

Late Ordovician mass extinction caused by volcanism, warming, and anoxia, not cooling and glaciation

• DOI: 10.1130/g47377.1
• 发表时间: 2020-08-01
• 期刊: GEOLOGY
• 影响因子: 5.8
• 作者: Bond, David P. G.;Grasby, Stephen E.
• 通讯作者: Grasby, Stephen E.