MICROphysicS of COnvective PrEcipitation (MICROSCOPE).

对流降水的微观物理学（显微镜）。

• 批准号: NE/J023124/1
• 负责人: Anthony Illingworth
• 金额: $ 3.04万
• 依托单位: University of Reading
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FJ023124%2F1
• 关键词: MICROphysicS; COnvective; PrEcipitation; MICROSCOPE

This project will improve predictions of severe convective rainfall by addressing the problem of the microphysics of precipitation in convective clouds. For the first time, study of the microphysics is embedded in a project that includes the larger-scale dynamics of convective clouds, as part of the COnvective Precipitation Experiment (COPE). COPE will connect this microphysical study with the system-scale dynamics of severe convective UK weather events. COPE will also provide a programme of weather-system modelling, which will bring the microphysical understanding through to the improved prediction of rainfall at the weather-system, or catchment scale.Weather forecast models are now run at resolutions of 1.5 km, which has helped to improve the prediction of the location and timing of convection. However, quantitative precipitation forecasts are still often poor as highlighted in the Boscastle event (Golding et al., 2005). This is due in part to the lack of knowledge about the nucleation of ice particles in convective clouds, the warm rain process, and the rates of production of secondary ice particles and the subsequent growth of precipitation particles. However, high local accumulations were the result of both intensity (microphysics of precipitation) and duration (organisation of and interaction between cells along the convergence line) of precipitation. The latter issue and wider-scale problem will be addressed in other parts of COPE.There are two key parts to MICROSCOPE. The first concerns a fundamental problem: how do ice particles form in clouds as a result of ice nuclei (IN), particularly at high temperatures? The second concerns precipitation: how do precipitation particles form and what are the rates of production and development? MICROSCOPE will address the challenge of explaining the production of primary ice particles in cumulus clouds, in the following ways.* We will make measurements of the properties of the aerosol particles, particularly soils and biological material, on the ground and in the boundary-layer with the FAAM 146 aircraft.* Measurements will be made of the evolution of the droplet size distribution, the possible presence of supercooled raindrops and the formation of the first ice particles with carefully-guided penetrations of the aircraft that has been equipped with new instruments that can detect and characterise small ice particles unambiguously (SID, 2DS, CAS-DPOL).* The dual-polarisation, Doppler radars will provide measurements of the location and time of the first precipitation echoes, the air motions and the types of particles.In order to explain the production and development of precipitation, process model and NWP model results will be compared to observations of the entrainment process, the development of the warm rain process, the growth of ice particles into precipitation particles by diffusional growth, the freezing of raindrops into graupel particles, multiplication by secondary production processes, and riming. The comparisons will be achieved by making multiple penetrations at increasing altitudes measuring the particle size distributions in space and time as well as the thermodynamics and dynamics of the cloud, and by obtaining information about the particles and the rate of increase of the reflectivity echo from the dual-polarisation radar.The final step of MICROSCOPE, that will be led by the Met Office, is to incorporate the new information into NWP models and to test against the data gathered during the project.

该项目将通过解决对流云中降水的微物理问题来改进对强对流降雨的预测。作为对流降水实验 (COPE) 的一部分，微观物理研究首次嵌入到包括对流云的更大规模动力学的项目中。 COPE 将把这项微物理研究与英国强对流天气事件的系统规模动力学联系起来。 COPE还将提供一个天气系统建模程序，它将把对微观物理的理解带入改进的天气系统或流域规模的降雨预测。天气预报模型现在以1.5公里的分辨率运行，这有助于改进对对流位置和时间的预测。然而，正如博斯卡斯尔事件所强调的那样，定量降水预报仍然常常很差（Golding 等人，2005 年）。部分原因是缺乏对对流云中冰粒成核、暖雨过程、次级冰粒产生速率以及随后降水粒子生长的了解。然而，高局部积累是降水强度（降水的微观物理）和降水持续时间（沿着汇聚线的细胞的组织和相互作用）的结果。后一个问题和更广泛的问题将在 COPE 的其他部分中得到解决。MICROSCOPE 有两个关键部分。第一个问题涉及一个基本问题：冰核（IN）如何在云中形成冰粒，特别是在高温下？第二个涉及降水：降水颗粒是如何形成的以及产生和发展的速率是多少？显微镜将通过以下方式解决解释积云中初级冰颗粒产生的挑战。*我们将使用 FAAM 146 飞机测量地面和边界层中的气溶胶颗粒的特性，特别是土壤和生物材料。*将测量液滴尺寸分布的演变、过冷雨滴的可能存在以及第一个冰颗粒的形成 精心引导的飞机穿透，该飞机配备了新仪器，可以明确地检测和表征小冰颗粒（SID、2DS、CAS-DPOL）。*双偏振多普勒雷达将提供第一次降水回波的位置和时间、空气运动和颗粒类型的测量。为了解释降水的产生和发展，过程模型和 NWP 模型结果将与 观测夹带过程、暖雨过程的发展、冰粒通过扩散生长而生长成降水粒子、雨滴冻结成霰粒、二次生产过程的增殖以及雾化。这些比较将通过在不断增加的高度上进行多次穿透来测量空间和时间上的颗粒尺寸分布以及云的热力学和动力学，并通过从双偏振雷达获得有关颗粒和反射率回波增加率的信息来实现。由英国气象局领导的显微镜的最后一步是将新信息纳入数值天气预报模型，并对在观测期间收集的数据进行测试。 项目。