Streamlining Monitoring for Smallholder and Community PES (SMS-PES)

简化小农和社区 PES 监控 (SMS-PES)

基本信息

项目摘要

Transaction costs are one of the main challenges for smallholders and communities in accessing international carbon and other, nascent, ecosystem services (ES) markets. A large proportion of these costs are associated with the development of credible methodologies for monitoring to offer reassurance along the value chain that land use practices result in the delivery of ecosystem services. This is especially true for smallholders and community projects with multiple, scattered small properties, for whom meeting environmental thresholds and economies of scale remains difficult, yet the social and environmental cost of leaving them out is not a viable option in many developing countries. At the core of our proposal is the testing of scientifically robust methodologies for cost-effective monitoring of small farmers and community ES projects, which will contribute to poverty alleviation by 1) improving access to these emerging markets, and 2) allowing a higher proportion of the money to go to farmers rather than project management.Monitoring of emerging markets for ES presents a varied picture across the world, and it is strongly linked to how indicators for ES are initially defined. Many watershed and/or biodiversity protection projects combine type of activity (e.g. forest protection) with some level of targeting (e.g. riparian areas, biological corridors) as indicators of provision. Monitoring is then focused on monitoring land cover or land use, rather than outcomes (e.g. number of species). International carbon markets have been stricter in approaches to carbon stocks and monitoring to ensure that offsets are real and verifiable. International standards provide credibility and can lead to price premiums, however they often are expensive and cumbersome (Corbera and Brown, 2010a; Skutsch et al., 2009) and the transaction costs associated become active barriers that often lead to the exclusion of smallholder and community projects (De Pinto et al., 2010) . With a budget under 500k, this sleek proposal integrates cutting-edge scientific analysis, with a novel application of choice experiments, to address the question of what is an optimal level of monitoring in carbon forestry projects. By 'optimal', we mean a monitoring strategy that satisfies the needs of buyers of ecosystem services credits and minimises effort and resources required such that these resources can reach smallholders. We focus directly on monitoring carbon and other ecosystem services (biodiversity and to a smaller degree watershed services) and their implications along the overall value chain for these ES: 1) at the Offset Creation level (eligible smallholder and community-based practices and measurable indicators for carbon, BD, and social co-benefits); 2) at the Verification of Value of offset stage (third party Standards); and 3) at the Articulation of Demand for Offsets stage (platforms for specific characteristics).Following a literature review, we will examine four different methodologies according to their scientific robustness and capacity to measure and monitor carbon and associated ecosystem services. We will then test at the local level in three different locations (Plan Vivo certified projects in Mexico, Uganda and Sri Lanka) to account for the practicalities of implementation it in terms of protocols for approved practices and offset creation, but also in terms of available information, costs and local capacity. At the other end of the value chain, we will test how buyers react to these methodologies in terms of perceived project credibility for service delivery, and their potential willingness to pay for different combinations of ecosystem service credit offsets against cost of monitoring them. Throughout the project we will work with the Plan Vivo Foundation and local project implementers, to ensure that the methodology responds to the practicalities of verification and aggregation of offsets.
交易成本是小农户和社区在进入国际碳市场和其他新兴生态系统服务市场方面面临的主要挑战之一。这些费用中有很大一部分与制定可靠的监测方法有关,以便沿着价值链提供保证,即土地使用做法会带来生态系统服务。对于拥有多处分散的小地产的小农和社区项目来说尤其如此,对他们来说,达到环境门槛和规模经济仍然很困难,但在许多发展中国家,将他们排除在外的社会和环境成本并不是一个可行的选择。我们建议的核心是测试科学可靠的方法,以成本效益的方式监测小农和社区环境服务项目,这将有助于减轻贫困,因为1)改善进入这些新兴市场的机会,2)允许更高比例的资金流向农民而不是项目管理。环境服务新兴市场的监测在世界各地呈现出不同的情况,它与环境服务指标的最初定义密切相关。许多流域和/或生物多样性保护项目将联合收割机类型的活动(如森林保护)与某种程度的目标(如河岸地区、生物走廊)相结合,作为提供指标。然后,监测的重点是监测土地覆盖或土地利用,而不是监测结果(例如物种数量)。国际碳市场在碳储存和监测方面更加严格,以确保抵消是真实的和可核查的。国际标准提供了可信度,并可能导致价格溢价,但它们往往是昂贵和繁琐的(Corbera和Brown,2010年a; Skutsch等人,2009年)和相关的交易成本成为经常导致小农户和社区项目被排除在外的积极障碍(De平托等人,2010年)。预算不到50万美元,这一时髦的提案将尖端的科学分析与选择实验的新颖应用相结合,以解决碳林业项目中监测的最佳水平问题。“最佳”是指满足生态系统服务信用购买者需求的监测战略,并最大限度地减少所需的努力和资源,使这些资源能够到达小农手中。我们直接专注于监测碳和其他生态系统服务(生物多样性和较小程度上的流域服务)及其沿着这些生态系统的整个价值链上的影响:1)在抵消创造层面(符合条件的小农和社区做法以及碳、生物多样性和社会共同效益的可衡量指标); 2)在抵消价值核实阶段(第三方标准);以及3)在抵消需求的表达阶段(针对特定特征的平台)。在文献综述之后,我们将根据其科学稳健性和测量和监测碳及相关生态系统服务的能力来审查四种不同的方法。然后,我们将在三个不同的地方(墨西哥、乌干达和斯里兰卡的Plan Vivo认证项目)进行地方一级的测试,以说明在批准做法和抵消创造的协议方面以及在可用信息、成本和当地能力方面实施该项目的可行性。在价值链的另一端,我们将测试买家对这些方法的反应,包括他们对服务交付的感知项目可信度,以及他们为生态系统服务信用抵消的不同组合支付费用的潜在意愿。在整个项目过程中,我们将与Plan Vivo基金会和当地项目实施者合作,以确保该方法符合抵消验证和汇总的实际情况。

项目成果

期刊论文数量(7)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
The Paris Agreement, SDGs and simple local monitoring, blog
《巴黎协定》、可持续发展目标和简单的本地监测、博客
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Wells, G.J.
  • 通讯作者:
    Wells, G.J.
The Plan Vivo proposal towards the SDGs
针对可持续发展目标的 Plan Vivo 提案
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2015
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Porras, I.
  • 通讯作者:
    Porras, I.
The SHAMBA Tool: Simple and flexible GHG accounting for smallholders
SHAMBA 工具:针对小农的简单灵活的温室气体核算
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2015
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Wells, G.
  • 通讯作者:
    Wells, G.
Ecosystems, poverty alleviation and conditional transfers
生态系统、扶贫和有条件转移支付
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2018
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Porras I.;
  • 通讯作者:
    Porras I.;
Rethinking Monitoring in Smallholder Carbon Payments for Ecosystem Service Schemes: Devolve Monitoring, Understand Accuracy and Identify Co-benefits
重新思考生态系统服务计划小农碳支付的监测:下放监测、了解准确性并确定协同效益
  • DOI:
    10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.012
  • 发表时间:
    2017
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    7
  • 作者:
    Wells G
  • 通讯作者:
    Wells G
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Ina Porras其他文献

Ina Porras的其他文献

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