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The origins of plant domestication in the upper Madeira River basin in lowland South America

南美洲低地马德拉河流域上游植物驯化的起源

基本信息

批准号：
NE/N001060/1
负责人：
Jose Iriarte
金额：
$ 9.54万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2015 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FN001060%2F1
关键词：
origins plant domestication upper Madeira

项目摘要

Plant domestication and the development of agriculture began shortly after 10,000 years ago in the Americas and several other primary centres around the world, and was one of humankind's most pivotal achievements. Recent advances in palaeobotany and molecular genetics have opened new avenues for understanding when, where, how, and why this crucial change first came about. For example, phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies of extant populations can often identify the wild ancestral population and thus the geographic cradle of origin for each domesticate, pointing the archaeologists to a limited area for survey and excavation. A growing body of genetic, biogeographical, and archaeobotanical data has now established Amazonia as one of the most important centres of plant domestication in the world. Recent genetic and biogeographic studies show that the transitional fringe of seasonal forests and savannahs in SW Amazonia, which encompass the upper Madeira River Basin, were probably the cradle of the domestication of several major American crops, including manioc (Manihot esculenta), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), peach palm (Bactris gasipaes), coca (Erythroxylum coca), chilli peppers (Capsicum baccattum), annatto (Bixa orellana), and tobacco (Nicotina tabacco) (Clement et al. 2010; Piperno and Pearsall 1998). Despite being the most important centre of domestication in lowland South America, until now no interdisciplinary projects have documented the domestication of these important crops in their cradle of origin. To address this issue, we proposed to organise two workshops and conduct preliminary research activities to plan, write and submit a 3-5 yr international interdisciplinary project integrating molecular genetics, plant biogeography, archaeology, archaeobotany and paleoecology. The main objectives of the project will be to: i) investigate the history of major Amazonian crops including manioc, peach palm, chilli peppers and annatto; ii) reconstruct the context of early agriculture; and iii) investigate the timing and nature of human impact on the environment in the upper Madeira River, SW Amazonia. These objectives build on two previously separate lines of research coordinated by Iriarte and Clement: paleoecology and archaebotany of landscape transformations of the Araucaria forests of southern Brazil (AHRC-Fapesp) and the Purus-Madeira interfluve (ERC), and the origin, dispersal and phylogeography of native Amazonian crops (Fapeam, Fapeam-AIRD, CNPq, Fapesp), respectively.The project is well-timed to combine state-of-the-art techniques to address the complexity of plant domestication and the development of agriculture. Research on crop origins are benefiting from the refinement of microfossil botanical techniques, in particular starch granules retrieved from the residues of stone tools used to process plants, which are allowing archaeobotanists to document root crops in tropical regions exhibiting poor preservation of macrobotanical remains (visible remains of seeds and fruits) (Piperno 2011). Palaeoecological techniques will help reconstruct the Late Pleistocene through Holocene vegetation history of the upper Madeira River and, in particular, the natural environment and plant associations in which the first crops were domesticated. Particular emphasis will be given to how and when humans began to alter their environments, using fire history to reconstruct the relation between natural- and human-caused processes. Genetic analysis can identify the wild populations from which the first selections were derived to start the domestication of our modern crops, as well as to trace dispersals out of these centres of domestication.

植物驯化和农业发展始于一万年前不久的美洲和世界其他几个主要中心，是人类最关键的成就之一。古植物学和分子遗传学的最新进展为理解这一关键变化何时、何地、如何以及为什么首先发生开辟了新的途径。例如，对现存种群的系统发育和地理学研究通常可以确定野生祖先种群，从而确定每个驯化动物的地理起源，为考古学家指出一个有限的区域进行调查和挖掘。越来越多的遗传学、地理学和古植物学数据已经将亚马逊河流域确立为世界上最重要的植物驯化中心之一。最近的遗传学和植物地理学研究表明，亚马孙西南部的季节性森林和稀树草原的过渡边缘，包括马德拉河流域上游，可能是几种主要美洲作物（包括木薯）驯化的摇篮（木薯），花生（花生）、桃树（Bactris gasipaes）、古柯（红木属古柯）、辣椒（辣椒）、胭脂树（胭脂树）和烟草（烟草）（Clement等人，2010年; Clonno和Pearsall 1998年）。尽管它是南美洲低地最重要的驯化中心，但到目前为止，还没有跨学科的项目记录了这些重要作物在其起源摇篮中的驯化。为了解决这个问题，我们建议组织两个研讨会，并进行初步的研究活动，计划，编写和提交一个3-5年的国际跨学科项目，整合分子遗传学，植物地理学，考古学，考古植物学和古生态学。该项目的主要目标是：i）调查亚马逊河流域主要作物的历史，包括木薯、桃棕榈、辣椒和胭脂树; ii）重建早期农业的背景; iii）调查人类对亚马逊河西南部马德拉河上游环境影响的时间和性质。这些目标建立在Iriarte和Clement协调的两个先前独立的研究路线上：巴西南部南洋杉森林景观变化的古生态学和古植物学（AHRC-Fapesp）和Purus-Madeira河间区（ERC），以及亚马逊河原生作物的起源、分布和地理分布（Fapeam，Fapeam-AIRD，CNPq，Fapesp）。该项目的实施时机恰到好处，可以将联合收割机的最新技术结合起来，解决植物驯化和农业发展的复杂性。关于作物起源的研究正受益于微化石植物技术的改进，特别是从用于加工植物的石器残余物中提取的淀粉颗粒，这使考古植物学家能够记录热带地区的根茎作物，这些作物显示出宏观植物学遗迹（可见的种子和果实遗迹）保存较差（Agnno，2011年）。古生态学技术将有助于重建晚更新世至全新世的马德拉河上游植被历史，特别是第一批作物驯化的自然环境和植物群落。将特别强调人类如何以及何时开始改变他们的环境，利用火灾历史重建自然和人为过程之间的关系。遗传分析可以识别出最初选择的野生种群，从而开始我们现代作物的驯化，并追踪这些驯化中心的扩散。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（8）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

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