AHRC-FAPESP MoU -Je Landscapes of southern Brazil: Ecology, History and Power in a transitional landscape during the Late Holocene

研究与埋葬纪念碑的到来和神圣建筑景观的创造相关的经济、社会和意识形态角色是研究美洲早期形成社会的核心主题。在这个史前的关键时期，巴西南部的Je为了解生态、历史和力量在景观创造和转变中的协同作用提供了一个绝佳的机会。在巴西南部，公元第二个千年的转折是一个以文化转型和环境变化为标志的关键时期，这反映在居住地点的大量增加，高地上殡葬/仪式建筑的到来，大西洋雨林悬崖上人为土壤的发展，以及大西洋沿岸出现了Je葬礼模式。值得注意的是，这些文化变化大致与Araucaria森林（paranpine）在约100年内的突然扩张同时发生，其速度和时间增加了人为原因的可能性。然而，对南部原始je的综合解释很少，主要有三个原因：i)首先，尽管在该地区进行了四十多年的考古研究，但这些项目的高度局域化和不连贯的性质意味着这些丰富的考古数据是高度分散和碎片化的，因此，任何潜在的大规模模式或联系都很难辨别。ii)其次，尽管南部乙脑地区非常适合调查前哥伦布时期人类与环境的相互作用（即乙脑文化与Araucaria森林扩张之间的潜在关系），但由于缺乏足够接近文化序列的古生态研究，这种关系迄今尚未得到探索。（三）最后，南耶人是长期文化连续性的最佳范例之一，将现代土著群体与其前哥伦布时期的祖先联系在一起。不幸的是，考古学家和民族志学家之间缺乏合作，这意味着整合现有丰富的民族历史和民族志记录的巨大潜力，以揭示Je文化的社会和空间组织的基本原则，尚未得到开发。为了解决这些重要问题，巴西南部jes景观项目由埃克塞特大学、雷丁大学和<s:1>圣保罗大学的一个国际跨学科团队构想，作为一个研究项目，整合了考古学、人种学和古生态学的数据来源，调查与社会复杂性出现有关的南部jes景观的创造和转变。该项目将首次将所有来自广阔而生态多样的南济景观的考古数据整合到一个全面的多层GIS数据库中。我们会在已进行试点研究的选定地区，进行更深入的考古、地形和地球物理调查，并在不同环境下，在东西向横断面的选定地点进行挖掘，以收集区域、年代和功能数据。所有可获得的和相关的民族历史和民族志数据将被收集和分析，以寻找日本社会和空间组织的共同基本原则，帮助我们解释考古记录。与此同时，我们将从湖泊/沼泽中提取沉积物岩心，并采样土壤坑剖面，以重建这些地区过去两千年的植被和火灾历史。这将使我们能够：1)理清造成上一千年阿劳卡利亚森林扩张的自然因素和人为因素；2)重建过去的土地管理做法。

The study of the economic, social and ideological roles associated with the arrival of burial monuments and the creation of sacred, built landscapes is a core theme in researching Early Formative societies of the Americas. The southern Je of Brazil provides an exceptional opportunity to understand the synergy of ecology, history and power in the creation and transformation of landscapes in this pivotal period of prehistory. In southern Brazil, the turn of the second millennium A.D. was a critical period marked by cultural transitions and environmental changes, which was reflected in a major increase in habitation sites, the arrival of mortuary/ceremonial architecture in the highlands, the development of anthropogenic soils in the Atlantic rainforest escarpment, and the appearance of Je funerary patterns along the Atlantic coast. Significantly, these cultural changes are broadly contemporaneous with the abrupt expansion of Araucaria forest (Paraná pine) within ~100 years, the rapidity and timing of which raises the possibility of an anthropogenic cause. However, little synthetic interpretation of the southern proto-Je has been carried out for three main reasons: i) Firstly, despite more than forty years of archaeological research in the region, the highly localised and disconnected nature of these projects means that this wealth of archaeological data is highly dispersed and fragmentary - consequently, any potential broad-scale patterns or connections are difficult to discern. ii) Secondly, although the southern Je region is ideally suited for the investigation of pre-Columbian human-environment interactions (i.e., the potential relationship between the Je culture and Araucaria forest expansion), such relationships have thus far been unexplored due to the paucity of palaeoecological studies from sites close enough to the cultural sequences. iii) Finally, the southern Je constitute one of the best examples of long-term cultural continuity, linking modern indigenous groups with their pre-Columbian ancestors. Unfortunately, the lack of collaboration between archaeologists and ethnographers has meant that the enormous potential for integrating the existing rich ethnohistoric and ethnographic records, to reveal the underlying principles of social and spatial organization of Je culture, has not yet been exploited. To address these important issues, the Je Landscapes of southern Brazil Project has been conceived by an international, interdisciplinary team at Exeter, Reading and São Paulo Universities as a research programme, integrating archaeological, ethnographical and palaeoecological data sources, to investigate the creation and transformation of southern Je landscapes in relation to the emergence of social complexity. The project will integrate, for the first time, all archaeological data from the vast and ecologically diverse southern Je landscapes into a comprehensive multilayered GIS database. In selected regions, where the co-PIs have already carried out pilot studies, we will conduct more intensive archaeological, topographical and geophysical surveys, along with excavations at selected sites, throughout a longitudinal E-W transect in different environments to acquire regional, chronological and functional data. All accessible and relevant ethnohistorical and ethnographic data will be collected and analyzed to search for common underlying principles of Je social and spatial organization that help us interpret the archaeological record. In parallel, we will retrieve sediment cores from lakes/bogs, and sample soil-pit profiles, to reconstruct the vegetation and fire histories of these regions for the last two millennia. This will allow us to: i) disentangle natural versus anthropogenic factors responsible for the expansion of the Araucaria forest that occurred during the last millennium, and ii) reconstruct past land-management practices.