权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Climate related size shifts in aquatic species: mechanism, prediction and mitigation

与气候相关的水生物种大小变化：机制、预测和缓解

基本信息

批准号：
NE/P012183/2
负责人：
David Pond
金额：
$ 63.25万
依托单位：
University of Stirling
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2018 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FP012183%2F2
关键词：
Climate related size shifts aquatic

项目摘要

Body size is linked to nearly all aspects of an animal's life, be this metabolism, reproduction or survival. Similarly, the structure of food webs, competition, predator-prey interactions and population productivity can all be influenced by body size. For these reasons, body size is often described as a 'master trait', and variation in the size of species has fascinated biologists for over a century. The size at which a species matures can change depending on the environment, and shifts in the size of animals and size-spectra of biological communities as a result of climate change are likely to have worldwide ecological and economic impacts. In ectotherms, individuals of the same species regularly grow to a smaller adult body size in the warm than in the cold when reared in the laboratory. This near-universal biological phenomenon, known as the Temperature-Size Rule (TSR), occurs in over 80% of ectothermic species, from bacteria to fish and amphibians. Similar patterns in body size have also been seen in nature; larger species are often found at higher colder latitudes, whilst adult body size has been shown to vary seasonally with temperature over an annual cycle, as subsequent generations experience different environmental conditions during growth and development. With average global temperatures predicted to rise by more than 2 degrees Celsius by the end of this century, reduced body size has been described as the third universal response to climate warming.Size reduction with warming is much greater for aquatic species than for species living in air. This has been attributed to oxygen availability, which is much more limiting in water than in air. Consequently, aquatic species struggle most to meet their metabolic demands in the warm, and growing to a smaller adult size is thought to be an adaptive response to cope. In addition, reduced oxygen availability independent of temperature has also been shown to decrease size at maturity. Deoxygenation is increasing in geographic extent and severity in regions of the world's oceans and in freshwater systems, and is predicted to significantly worsen over the coming decades. Clearly, climate warming combined with reductions in oxygen concentrations present a double jeopardy to aquatic species. There is an urgent need to quantify, understand, predict and develop mitigation strategies to deal with warming and oxygen-induced changes in body size in aquatic ecosystems. Our proposed research aims to tackle these issues by addressing the following key questions:Q1. How do changes in temperature and oxygen concentration influence body size in ecologically and economically important but under-represented aquatic species, and do aquatic species adapted to environments with low and high oxygen availability adjust their size differently?Q2. How have body sizes changed in aquatic species in relation to temperature and oxygen availability over recent decades? Are these responses similar to patterns observed in the laboratory and across seasons and latitudes? We cannot rely on laboratory and seasonal estimates to predict future shifts in size. Describing body size changes over decades in natural populations is a critical next step, and importantly, will increase the accuracy and reliability of our predictions.Q3. What are the most important traits (e.g. feeding mode, reproductive strategy, mortality risk) associated with variation in the strength of temperature- and oxygen-induced body size change, and can we use this information to accurately predict body size change in the future?Q4. Does body size reduction with warming fully compensate for increased metabolic demand at higher temperatures, and how might this affect the total productivity and efficiency of transfer from food to flesh that can be supported in warmer conditions? Can we use this information to contribute to informed decision making in the aquaculture and fisheries industries?

体型与动物生命的几乎所有方面都息息相关，无论是新陈代谢、繁殖还是生存。同样，食物网的结构、竞争、捕食者与猎物的相互作用以及种群生产力都可能受到体型的影响。由于这些原因，体型通常被描述为“主要特征”，一个多世纪以来，物种体型的变化一直让生物学家着迷。物种成熟的大小可能会根据环境而变化，气候变化导致的动物大小和生物群落大小谱的变化可能会对全球生态和经济产生影响。在变温动物中，在实验室饲养时，同一物种的个体在温暖环境下的成年体型通常比在寒冷环境下要小。这种近乎普遍的生物现象被称为温度-大小规则 (TSR)，存在于 80% 以上的变温物种中，从细菌到鱼类和两栖动物。在自然界中也发现了类似的身体尺寸模式。较大的物种通常出现在较高、较冷的纬度地区，而成年个体的体型已被证明会随着年度周期中的温度而季节性变化，因为后代在生长和发育过程中经历不同的环境条件。预计到本世纪末，全球平均气温将上升超过 2 摄氏度，体型减小被认为是对气候变暖的第三种普遍反应。水生物种因变暖而体型减小的程度比生活在空气中的物种大得多。这归因于氧气的可用性，水中的氧气比空气中的限制要大得多。因此，水生物种在温暖的环境中最难以满足其代谢需求，并且成年体型变小被认为是应对这种情况的适应性反应。此外，与温度无关的氧气可用性的降低也被证明会减小成熟时的尺寸。在世界海洋区域和淡水系统中，脱氧的地理范围和严重程度正在增加，并且预计在未来几十年内将显着恶化。显然，气候变暖加上氧气浓度降低给水生物种带来了双重危险。迫切需要量化、理解、预测和制定缓解策略，以应对水生生态系统变暖和氧气引起的体型变化。我们提出的研究旨在通过解决以下关键问题来解决这些问题：Q1。温度和氧气浓度的变化如何影响生态和经济上重要但代表性不足的水生物种的体型大小，以及适应低和高氧气利用率环境的水生物种是否会以不同方式调整其体型？近几十年来，水生物种的体型与温度和氧气供应量之间的关系如何变化？这些反应与在实验室中观察到的跨季节和纬度的模式是否相似？我们不能依靠实验室和季节性估计来预测未来的规模变化。描述自然种群数十年来的体型变化是关键的下一步，重要的是，这将提高我们预测的准确性和可靠性。与温度和氧气引起的体型变化的强度变化相关的最重要的特征（例如喂养方式、繁殖策略、死亡风险）是什么？我们可以利用这些信息来准确预测未来的体型变化吗？随着变暖而减小的体型是否可以完全补偿较高温度下增加的代谢需求？这可能会如何影响在温暖条件下支持的从食物到肉类的总生产力和转移效率？我们能否利用这些信息为水产养殖和渔业行业做出明智的决策做出贡献？