Processes Influencing Carbon Cycling: Observations of the Lower limb of the Antarctic Overturning (PICCOLO)

影响碳循环的过程：南极翻转下肢的观测（PICCOLO）

• 批准号: NE/P021344/1
• 负责人: Simon Ussher
• 金额: $ 42.26万
• 依托单位: Plymouth University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FP021344%2F1
• 关键词: Processes; Influencing; Carbon; Cycling; Observations

The vast, remote seas which surround the continent of Antarctica are collectively known as the Southern Ocean. This region with its severe environment of mountainous seas, winter darkness, strong winds, freezing temperatures and ice is unsurprisingly one of the least explored and under-observed parts of the global ocean. However, because of these extremes, it plays a large and still unquantified role in Earth's climate system. In this region, large amounts of heat and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean. The physical mechanisms controlling these atmosphere-ocean exchanges are the subject of the NERC ORCHESTRA programme. We propose within PICCOLO to concentrate on the role that chemistry and biology play within those exchanges. In particular, PICCOLO will focus on understanding the mechanisms that transform the carbon contained in the seawater as it rises to the surface near Antarctica, interacts with the atmosphere, ice, phytoplankton and zooplankton inhabiting the near surface, before descending to the ocean depths. PICCOLO will undertake an ocean research expedition to the region close to Antarctica, as computer models and satellite images show that these are areas crucial for carbon processes. Freezing seawater in these regions releases salt into the water below, making it denser and therefore causing it to sink. Strong winds cause the sea ice to be pushed away from the Antarctic coastline, leaving areas of open water called polynyas. Within the polynyas the water has enough light during the summer to allow phytoplankton to grow, as well as providing dense waters which sink to the deep, driving a giant ocean conveyor belt which has a large impact upon Earth's climate system. The PICCOLO team will measure the key variables that control the biological and chemical processes in this region including iron, nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Crucially the team will study the controlling rate terms between different parts of this biological and chemical system. The PICCOLO team will make use of the latest technologies, including autonomous submarines, gliders and floats, to observe these processes in otherwise inaccessible and previously unstudied areas such as under the sea ice. Most ambitiously we will anchor a submarine to the seabed within a polynya and leave it over a winter season to collect data, recovering it the following spring. The PICCOLO team will put instruments on seals which will continuously take data as they dive up and down through the water, sending it back to scientists in real-time via satellite communication links. This wealth of novel data will be analysed by the PICCOLO team, using state of the art computer models, to test our ideas about how the whole complex set of physical, chemical and biological processes affects carbon. Conceptually we will follow an imaginary parcel of water through the system looking at processes between the atmosphere and ocean, biological processes in the surface layer, exchanges between the upper and lower ocean and the final fate of the carbon. The PICCOLO hypotheses address the following: (i) Factors controlling the exchange of carbon dioxide between the ocean and atmosphere and the role of ultra-violet light in controlling the concentration of carbon dioxide in seawater;(ii) The role of light, iron and nutrients in how carbon is processed by the plankton in the water; (iii) The mediating processes governing the export of carbon from the upper ocean to depth;(iv) The processes that take the carbon into the deep ocean on the next stage of its global journey.

围绕南极洲大陆的广阔偏远海洋被统称为南大洋。毫不奇怪，这个地区的山区，冬季黑暗，强风和冰的严重环境是全球海洋中探索最少且观察到不足的地区之一。但是，由于这些极端，它在地球的气候系统中起着很大且仍然没有量化的作用。在该地区，大气和海洋之间交换了大量的热量和二氧化碳。控制这些大气 - 海洋交流的物理机制是NERC乐团计划的主题。我们建议在Piccolo内部，专注于化学和生物学在这些交流中的作用。特别是，Piccolo将集中于理解转化碳在海水中升至南极附近的表面中的机制，与大气，冰，浮游植物，浮游植物和浮游动物相互作用，然后居住在近地面，然后降落到海洋深处。如计算机模型和卫星图像表明，Piccolo将对靠近南极洲的该地区进行海洋研究探险，这对于碳过程至关重要。在这些地区冷冻海水将盐释放到下面的水中，从而使其浓密，从而使其下沉。强风导致海冰从南极海岸线推开，留下称为Polynyas的开放水域。在夏季，水中的水具有足够的光线，可以使浮游植物生长，并提供茂密的水沉入深处的水，驱动了一条巨大的海洋传送带，对地球气候系统产生了巨大影响。 Piccolo团队将测量控制该地区生物学和化学过程的关键变量，包括铁，营养素，浮游植物和浮游动物。至关重要的是，团队将研究该生物学和化学系统不同部分之间的控制率项。 Piccolo团队将利用最新的技术，包括自主潜艇，滑翔机和浮子，以在其他无法访问和以前未研究的地区（例如海冰下）观察这些过程。最有意义的是，我们将在Polynya内的海床上锚定一艘潜艇，并在冬季将其放在冬季，以收集数据，并在第二个春季收集。 Piccolo团队将在密封件上放置乐器，这些仪器将在水面上下潜水时不断获取数据，并通过卫星通信链接实时将其带回科学家。 Piccolo团队将使用最先进的计算机模型来分析这些丰富的新数据，以测试我们关于整个复杂的物理，化学和生物过程如何影响碳的想法。从概念上讲，我们将沿着系统沿着整个系统遵循一块假想的水，探讨大气与海洋之间的过程，地表层中的生物过程，上海洋和下海之间的交换以及碳的最终命运。 Piccolo假设解决以下：（i）控制海洋和大气之间二氧化碳交换的因素，以及超野光在控制海水中二氧化碳浓度方面的作用；（ii）光，铁和养分在水中在水中处理的碳和养分的作用； （iii）管理碳从上海出口到深度的中介过程；（iv）在其全球旅程的下一个阶段将碳带入深海的过程。

项目成果

Dissolved iron in the Bermuda region of the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean: Seasonal dynamics, mesoscale variability, and physicochemical speciation

北大西洋副热带百慕大地区的溶解铁：季节动态、中尺度变化和物理化学形态

• DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103748
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Marine Chemistry
• 影响因子: 3
• 作者: Sedwick, P.N.;Bowie, A.R.;Church, T.M.;Cullen, J.T.;Johnson, R.J.;Lohan, M.C.;Marsay, C.M.;McGillicuddy, D.J.;Sohst, B.M.;Tagliabue, A.
• 通讯作者: Tagliabue, A.

Monitoring and modelling marine zooplankton in a changing climate.

• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36241-5
• 发表时间: 2023-02-02
• 期刊: NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
• 影响因子: 16.6
• 作者: Ratnarajah, Lavenia;Abu-Alhaija, Rana;Atkinson, Angus;Batten, Sonia;Bax, Nicholas J.;Bernard, Kim S.;Canonico, Gabrielle;Cornils, Astrid;Everett, Jason D.;Grigoratou, Maria;Ishak, Nurul Huda Ahmad;Johns, David;Lombard, Fabien;Muxagata, Erik;Ostle, Clare;Pitois, Sophie;Richardson, Anthony J.;Schmidt, Katrin;Stemmann, Lars;Swadling, Kerrie M.;Yang, Guang;Yebra, Lidia
• 通讯作者: Yebra, Lidia

Organic Carbon Burial With Reactive Iron Across Global Environments

• DOI: 10.1029/2022gb007447
• 发表时间: 2022-11
• 期刊: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Jack Longman;J. Faust;C. Bryce;W. Homoky;C. März

Physical and biogeochemical controls on seasonal iron, manganese, and cobalt distributions in Northeast Atlantic shelf seas

• DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2023.03.023
• 发表时间: 2023-03
• 期刊: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Xue‐Gang Chen;Dagmara Rusiecka;M. Gledhill;A. Milne;A. Annett;Aaron Joseph Beck;A. Birchill;M. Lohan;S. Ussher;E. Achterberg

Anthropogenic Signatures of Lead in the Northeast Atlantic

东北大西洋铅的人为特征

• DOI: 10.1002/2017gl076825
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Rusiecka D