London GHG

随着2015年12月《巴黎气候协定》的通过，197个国家同意采取行动限制温室气体（GHG）排放的增长。作为该协议的一部分，这些国家将提高其温室气体排放报告的透明度。这方面的一个重要内容将是确保有独立的证据证明签署国正在履行其义务。因此，人们普遍认识到，需要监测大气中的温室气体，以支持能够提供关键的确认证据的核查方法。城市是大多数人为温室气体的发源地，是各种排放核查方法的理想试验场。例如，最近在洛杉矶和印第安纳波利斯等城市开发和部署了数百万美元的“特大城市”项目，在这些情况下，使用地面、飞机和天基仪器的组合来验证排放。这些项目具有开创性，并取得了成功，特别是在吸引当地社区和决策者参与全球气候辩论方面。然而，这些多平台项目的费用和复杂性严重限制了在必要的数百个主要城市（特别是在发展中国家）开展类似工作的范围。此外，如果要使这些信息透明并与政策相关，就必须严格量化（以及减少）排放中的不确定性。因此，在本提案中，我们提出了以下目标：1：适应和部署新的低成本传感器网络技术，以适合精确的城市规模排放评估的精度和准确度测量CO2， CO和CH4。2：开发一种高分辨率的微量气体“逆”方法，利用大气测量来估算排放量，这种方法比以前的研究更详尽地量化不确定性。3：利用20个新一代自主传感器包组成的网络，对伦敦及其周边地区的二氧化碳和甲烷进行首次高分辨率排放评估。二氧化碳（CO2）和甲烷（CH4）低成本光学传感器的最新发展为这些重要温室气体的痕量液位传感器网络提供了基础。该建议是将这些传感器与低成本传感器网络校准和同化方法的最新发展相结合，以创建一个横跨伦敦的温室气体排放监测网络系统。观测结果将使用应用于城市弥散和大气输送联合模式的最先进的反演方法进行解释。我们将把这个传感器网络与英国DECC/BEIS网络、伦敦皇家霍洛威大学监测站和卫星仪器的观测结果结合起来，生成伦敦温室气体排放的综合、全面的高分辨率图像。该项目汇集了世界领先的传感器网络技术和排放估算技术团队，以及积极参与的利益相关者团队。主要成果包括：-低成本温室气体传感器网络排放方法的创建和验证-优化和部署用于伦敦温室气体监测和源归属的密集传感器网络。-大伦敦12个月期间的二氧化碳和甲烷排放量估计。伦敦是本提案的主要焦点，然而，总体目标是开发和验证一种方法，该方法将具有更广泛的适用性，既适用于其他地理位置和地区，也适用于其他温室气体（如N2O），当合适的传感器可用时。这样做，我们将提供一种工具，既为温室气体缓解政策提供信息，从长远来看，也可以更好地评估区域及以下尺度上的预期温室气体减少量。

With the adoption of the Paris climate agreement in December 2015, 197 countries have agreed to act to limit the growth in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and. As part of this agreement, these countries will provide enhanced transparency in their greenhouse gas emission reporting. An important element of this will be to ensure that there is independent confirmation that signatories are meeting their obligations.It is widely recognised therefore that monitoring GHGs in the atmosphere is needed to underpin verification methods which can provide critical confirmatory evidence of compliance. Cities, where a majority of human-caused greenhouse gases originate, are ideal testing grounds for different emissions verification methods. For example, multi-million dollar "megacities" projects have recently been developed and deployed in cities such as Los Angeles and Indianapolis, in these cases with emissions being verified using combinations of surface, aircraft-based and space-based instrumentation. Those projects are ground-breaking and have been successful, particularly in engaging local communities and policy makers in the global climate debate. However, the expense and complexity of these multi-platform projects severely limit the scope for rolling out similar efforts across the necessary hundreds of major cities, particularly in the developing world. Furthermore, it is important to rigorously quantify (as well as reduce) the uncertainties in emissions if this information is to be transparent and policy-relevant. Therefore, in this proposal we set out the following objectives:1: Adapt and deploy new low cost sensor network technologies to measure CO2, CO and CH4 at precisions and accuracies appropriate for accurate urban-scale emissions evaluation.2: Develop a high-resolution trace gas "inverse" method for estimating emissions using atmospheric measurements, which quantifies uncertainties more exhaustively than previous studies.3: Undertake a case study for the first high-resolution emissions evaluation of CO2, and CH4 in and around London using a network of 20 new-generation, autonomous sensor packages.Recent developments in low cost optical sensors for carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) provide the basis for trace level sensor networks for these important greenhouse gases. This proposal is to couple these sensors with recent developments in low cost sensor network calibration and assimilation methodologies to create a GHG emission monitoring network system across London. The observations will be interpreted using state of the art inversion methodologies applied to a combined urban dispersion and atmospheric transport models. We will combine this sensor network with observations from the UK DECC/BEIS network, the Royal Holloway University of London monitoring site, and satellite instruments to produce a integrated comprehensive high-resolution picture of London's GHG emissions.This project brings together world-leading teams in sensor network technologies and emissions estimation techniques, along with a team of actively engaged stakeholders. The main deliverables are:- The creation and validation of a low cost GHG sensor network emissions methodology- The optimisation and deployment of a dense sensor network for GHG monitoring and source attribution across London. - CO2 and CH4 emissions estimates for Greater London for a 12 month period.London is the main focus of this proposal, however, the overarching aim is to develop and validate a methodology that would have wider applicability, both to other geographic locations and magacities and the extension to other GHGs (e.g. N2O) when suitable sensors become available. In doing so we would provide a tool both to inform GHG mitigation policy and, in the longer term, to provide improved evaluation of expected GHG reductions on the regional scales and below.