The development and implementation of sensors and treatment technologies for freshwater systems in India

理由是：我们的农业、工业和人类生存都需要淡水。获得优质水对于可持续的社会经济增长至关重要。淡水生态系统是有限的，受到破坏性土地使用和水管理做法以及日益工业化造成的日益严重的环境退化的全球威胁。印度社会经济活动、城市化、工业运营和农业实践的规模已经达到了印度各地的分水岭受到严重影响的地步。例如，印度淡水资源中的严重有机污染是常见的，导致严重的有毒负担、溶解氧水平枯竭和严重的病原性污染。由于污水、农用工业废水和农业径流引起的营养物质富集化，对湖泊和蓄水河流造成了严重的影响。地下水很容易从垃圾场、采矿和工业排放中淋失。最后，尽管存在潜在威胁，但新出现的水污染物，例如内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的分布、规模和水平在很大程度上是未知的。如果我们要采取行动，在各级提供解决办法，我们就必须解决目前和未来对集水区造成的污染威胁的后果。在时间和空间上监测重要的生物和化学参数的传感器是进行准确评估的不可或缺的基础，而采用最先进的水处理技术去除污染物将加强水的保护和安全。建议：第一，提高我们判断水道是否存在污染的能力，并发展新的传感方法，以帮助从源头减少或防止污染。我们将通过以下途径做到这一点：部署和实施由UWE、布里斯托尔和切尔西技术集团(CTG)开发的新型原位荧光传感器，作为当前NERC赠款(NE/K007572/1)的一部分；开发一种新型细菌生物传感器，使用最初在印度(Bose Institute)构思的生物报告菌株，用于检测水体和污水中的内分泌干扰物。第二，开发新的方法，通过以下途径从源头减少或预防上述检测到的污染：为农村和城市地区开发新型离网处理技术，以基于超滤膜技术和使用生物反应器的细菌修复去除污染物(如上所示)。长期影响：了解污水污染的影响和印度淡水集水区的细菌质量。量化污水污染水平在时间和空间上的变化，并了解这些变化如何受到土地使用和污水排放的影响。我们的荧光传感器将用于识别、监测和检测在集水范围内进入水域(包括城市化地区)的污水排放的细菌污染。开发一种使用生物报告菌株的细菌传感器，用于检测排放物和淡水中的内分泌干扰物。我们还将评估这些生物传感器菌株用于基于生物反应器的内分泌细胞修复的可行性，并实施一个用于处理细菌污染的离网超滤膜技术平台。这一英国/印度合作伙伴关系将涉及在印度部署英国开发的技术，以及随后在英国开发受印度启发的传感器和治疗方法。

The Rationale: We need freshwater for agriculture, industry and human existence. Access to good quality water is essential for sustainable socio-economic growth. Freshwater ecosystems are finite and globally threatened by increasing environmental degradation caused by destructive land-use and water-management practices and increasing industrialization. The scale of socio-economic activities, urbanisation, industrial operations and agricultural practices in India has reached the point where watersheds across India are being severely impacted. For example, gross organic pollution in India's freshwater resources are common place, resulting in severe toxic burdens, depletion of dissolved oxygen levels and severe pathogenic contamination. Eutrophication, arising from enrichment with nutrients caused by sewage and agro-industrial effluents and agricultural run-off, greatly impact on lakes and impounded rivers. Groundwater bodies are susceptible to leaching from waste dumps, mining and industrial discharges. Finally, despite their potential threat, the distribution, scale and levels of newly emerging water contaminants, e.g. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are largely unknown. We must address the consequences of both present and future contaminant threats to water catchments if we are to provide action that provide solutions at all levels. The implementation of sensors for monitoring important biological and chemical parameters, through time and space, is the indispensable basis for accurate assessments whilst the deployment of state-of-the-art water treatment technologies for the removal of pollutants will enhance water protection and security.The Proposition: Firstly; improve our ability to determine the presence of pollution in water courses and the development of novel sensing approaches to help reduce or prevent pollution at source. We will do this via; The deployment and implementation of new in situ fluorescence sensors that have been developed by UWE, Bristol and Chelsea Technology Group (CTG) as part of a current NERC Grant (NE/K007572/1) The development of a novel bacterial bio-sensor using bio-reporter strains that was first conceived in India (Bose Institute), for the detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in water bodies and effluents. Secondly; develop novel approaches to reduce or prevent pollution detected above at the source via; The development of novel off-grid treatment technologies, for rural and urban areas, to remove pollutants (sensed above) based on ultrafiltration membrane technology and bacterial remediation using bio-reactors.Longer-term Impact: To understand the impact of sewage contamination and the bacterial quality of freshwater catchments in India. To quantify changes in sewage contamination levels through time and space and to understand how these changes are affected by land use and effluent discharges. Our fluorescence sensor will be used to identify, monitor and detect bacterial contamination from sewage discharges entering waters at a catchment scale, including urbanised areas. To develop a bacterial sensor, using bio-reporter strains, for the detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in discharges and freshwaters. We will also assess the feasibility of the catabolic potential of these biosensor strains for bioreactor-based remediation of EDCs and implement an off-grid UF membrane technology platform for the treatment of bacterial contamination. This UK/India partnership will involve the deployment of UK developed technologies in India and the subsequent development of Indian inspired sensors and treatment approaches in the UK.