Demonstration Of A Comprehensive Approach To Monitoring Emissions From Oil and Gas Installations (AEOG)

在过去的世纪，由于人类活动，大气中甲烷（CH 4）和二氧化碳（CO2）的浓度显著增加，据估计，联合王国近海石油和天然气部门产生了约1，320万吨CO2和120万吨CO2当量的CH 4。海上大气排放报告部分由行业主导，从最初的许可到使用EEMS（环境和排放监测系统）的自律报告。BEIS（商业、能源和工业战略部）将EEMS视为其环境监管职能的关键要素，其中的数据用于政府报告要求以及政策制定和应用。排放量是自我监管的，没有独立检查EEMS中报告的排放量与实际排放量的关系。这项建议提供了一种新的方法，可以利用研究飞机的观测来验证EEMS和初始许可，目前海上“大气”许可和报告包括二氧化碳、氮氧化物、一氧化二氮、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、甲烷和非甲烷挥发性有机化合物的排放。发电排放量是根据测量的燃料使用量，使用基于燃料燃烧总量和/或烟囱采样数据的排放系数计算得出的。燃烧排放是根据测量的燃料燃烧总量使用排放因子计算的。排放量是根据测量或估计的总释放量计算的。散逸性排放量是根据任何记录的意外排放的估计数计算的，损失是根据装置内的部件和连接（被认为是主要泄漏源）的数量及其使用年限计算的。然而，该方法使用了与年龄有关的比例系数，如果装置是在1988年以前建造的，则该比例系数适用。所有这些方法都必须假设有一套通用的标准系数，或者装置可以使用烟囱监测中的自己的系数，这些系数普遍适用于所有海上石油和天然气运营公司及其装置。由于重大的后勤、健康和安全以及成本问题，对近海排放的直接测量或监测受到限制。因此，它仅限于主要的燃烧源，如燃气轮机。对于大多数排放源，排放量是根据活动数据计算的，例如，使用燃料消耗数据或与标准或装置特定排放系数相关联的测量的火炬量，使用测量或估计的排气量，或使用对散逸性损失的行业标准估计。这些方法有可能遗漏大量排放的重大风险，任何额外的监测工具都对工业、监管机构和负责汇编英国大气排放数据的机构具有相当大的兴趣。NCAS开发的用于监测埃尔金气体释放期间气体羽流的技术表明，空中监测，加上创新的大气建模，可在数小时内对大面积区域和许多单个设施进行全面调查（在同一高度4小时内可覆盖800海里）。这种排放评估方法估计根据顺风羽流中各种气体的高度计算的总排放负荷。这种方法有可能为监管机构BEIS提供新的工具来验证排放水平，并有可能提供一种监测方法，该方法比定期烟囱监测调查成本更低，与影响评估更相关。该项目将与BEIS和RICARDO合作，展示空气传播方法如何帮助现有的监管方法，提供支持改进排放估计的数据，并使BEIS相信运营商在其许可证和EEMS报告中报告了合理和可实现的估计。

Atmospheric concentrations of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) have increased significantly over the past century due to anthropogenic activity, with the UK offshore oil and gas sector is estimated to produce around 13.2 million tonnes of CO2 and 1.2 million tonnes CO2 equivalent of CH4. Offshore atmospheric emissions reporting are partly industry-led, from the initial permit through to the self-regulatory reporting using EEMS (Environment and Emissions Monitoring System). BEIS (Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy), regards EEMS as a key element in its environmental regulatory function and data within is used for government reporting requirements and policy development and application. Emissions are self-regulated and there is no independent check on how the emissions reported in EEMS relate to the actual emissions. This proposal offers a new methodology whereby the EEMS and initial permitting can be validated using observations from research aircraft.Currently offshore "atmospherics" permitting and reporting includes the emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrous oxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and non-methane volatile organic compounds. Energy generation emissions are calculated from measured fuel use using emission factors based on total fuel combustion and / or stack sampling data. Flaring emissions are calculated based on total measured fuel combustion using emission factors. Venting emissions are based on total measured or estimated release volumes. Fugitive emissions are based on estimates relating to any recorded accidental release, and calculated losses based on the number of components and connections (thought to be the primary source of leaks) within an installation and its age. However, the methodology uses an age-related scale factor which becomes applicable when if the installation was built pre-1988. All of these approaches necessarily assume that there is a common set of standard factors, or installations can use their own factor from stack monitoring, that are universally applicable to all offshore oil and gas operating companies and their installations. Direct measurement or monitoring of emissions offshore is limited because of significant logistical, health and safety and cost issues. It is therefore restricted to major combustion sources such as gas turbines. For most sources, emissions are calculated, based on activity data, for example using fuel consumption data or measured flare volumes allied with standard or installation specific emission factors, using measured or estimated venting volumes, or using industry standard estimates for fugitive losses. These methodologies carry a substantial risk that significant emissions may be missed, and any additional monitoring tool is of considerable interest to the industry, the regulator and the body responsible for compiling UK atmospheric emissions data.Techniques developed by NCAS for monitoring gas plumes during the Elgin gas release, have demonstrated that airborne monitoring, coupled with innovative atmospheric modelling, can comprehensively survey large areas and many individual installations within hours (800 nautical miles covered in 4 hours at one altitude). This approach to emissions assessment estimates the total emission loads calculated from the elevation of various gases in the downwind plume. This approach has the potential to provide the regulator, BEIS, with new tools to validate emission levels, and has the potential to provide a monitoring method that is lower cost to the industry then regular stack monitoring surveys and more relevant to impact assessment. The project will work together with BEIS and RICARDO to demonstrate how an airborne methodology can aid existing regulatory approaches, provide data that supports improved emissions estimates and give BEIS the confidence that that operators are reporting sensible and achievable estimates in their permits and EEMS reporting.