3D & 4D CORONARY HEMODYNAMICS AND LOCAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS

局部冠状动脉血流动力学可以预测导致心肌梗死的动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生和进展。 最近对正常外周动脉段和存在不同程度动脉粥样硬化的情况下的血流动力学的研究表明，内膜增厚是对低壁切应力的正常反应，并且这种增厚在某些情况下可以发展成动脉粥样硬化斑块。 在正常、动脉粥样硬化或近期受冠状动脉介入影响的冠状动脉血管中没有类似的研究。我们的主要假设是，从三维冠状动脉管腔形态、动脉血流速度及其随时间的变化计算的局部剪切应力变量与局部动脉粥样硬化斑块的严重程度相关。我们建议：1）完成用于几何上正确的血管表示的综合系统的开发，该系统结合冠状动脉造影和血管内超声图像序列，以便正确地描述冠状动脉血管几何形状和斑块形态。 2)开发计算流体动力学分析，以描绘冠状动脉的3-D和4-D时空表示中的局部流动动力学，考虑人体中的不稳定流动、壁扩张性和血管运动。3)确定局部流体动力学指数（包括最小和最大壁面剪切应力和振荡剪切应力指数）与这些区域内潜在动脉粥样硬化斑块和血管形态严重程度之间的关系。将计算局部血流动力学和血流动力学指数，并与斑块严重程度的定量指数和血管重塑指标进行比较，以统计学确定它们之间的关系。斑块在不同血管段的沉积与局部血流动力学条件之间的关系可能对我们理解动脉粥样硬化的发展具有重要意义。它可能增加我们对较小血管或偏心斑块血管中代偿性血管扩张（重塑）的不同程度的了解，在某些邻近血管段中缺乏这种反应，并且它可能有助于理解冠状动脉介入治疗后对损伤（再狭窄）反应的个体差异。

Atherosclerotic plaque initiation and progression that lead to myocardial infarction may be predicted by local coronary hemodynamics. Recent studies on blood flow dynamics in normal peripheral arterial segments and in the presence of varying degrees of atherosclerosis have suggested that intimal thickening is a normal response to low wall shear stress, and this thickening can develop into atherosclerotic plaque under certain circumstances. No similar studies exist in coronary vessels which are normal, atherosclerotic, or recently affected by coronary interventions. Our main hypothesis is that local shear stress variables calculated from three-dimensional coronary lumen morphology, arterial flow velocity, and their changes over time are associated with regional atherosclerotic plaque severity. We propose to: 1) Finish development of a comprehensive system for geometrically correct vessel representation which combines coronary angiographic and intravascular ultrasound image sequences in order to correctly describe coronary vessel geometry and plaque morphology. 2) Develop a computational fluid dynamic analysis to delineate the local flow dynamics in 3-D and 4-D spatio-temporal representations of coronary arteries, considering unsteady flow, wall distensibility, and vessel motion in humans. 3) Determine the relationship between local indices of fluid dynamics (including minimum and maximum wall shear stress and oscillatory shear stress index) and the severity of underlying atherosclerotic plaque and vessel morphology in these regions. Local hemodynamic and flow dynamic indices will be calculated and compared with quantitative indices of plaque severity and measures of vessel remodeling to statistically determine their relationship. The association between plaque deposition within different segments of vessel and the local hemodynamic conditions may be important in our understanding of atherosclerosis development. It may add to our knowledge of differential degrees of compensatory vessel enlargement (remodeling) in smaller vessels or vessels with eccentric plaque, the absence of this response in some neighboring vessel segments, and it may aid in understanding individual variability in the response to injury (restenosis) after coronary interventions.