Structure, connectivity and resilience of an exploited ecosystem: towards sustainable ecosystem-based fisheries management

已开发生态系统的结构、连通性和复原力：实现基于生态系统的可持续渔业管理

• 批准号: NE/S011692/2
• 负责人: Pippa Moore
• 金额: $ 58.05万
• 依托单位: Newcastle University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FS011692%2F2
• 关键词: Structure; connectivity; resilience; exploited; ecosystem

Shallow subtidal rocky reefs of Chile and Peru are dominated by kelps that form dense forests. In northern and central Chile this has led to one of the largest live harvest kelp fisheries in the world with ambitions to extend its spatial extent to Peru and southern Chile. Kelp harvesting leads to clearances resulting in local deforestation and habitat fragmentation with implications for the sustainable development of this fishery as well as the long-term health of kelp forest ecosystems, which support high levels of diversity and provide a wealth of goods and services worth billions of dollars to human society. Given that kelp harvesting in Chile and Peru is often undertaken by poorer members of society and that 46% of artisanal fisheries landings are of species associated with kelp forests, better management of the fishery will lead to improved economic development. Currently there are limited management strategies in place and where present, they are poorly enforced. The OECD noted that over-exploitation and illegal fishing are key fisheries challenges in the region and that ultimately a lack of governance in this area will impact the economic development of both countries. In response, the governments of Chile and Peru are committed to developing management plans for kelp resources, with the Chilean government announcing landmark plans to not only manage current stocks, but to introduce direct funding to fisherman to restock depleted areas. The Peruvian Government is on a similar path, with both countries are seeking to ensure continued biomass extraction of kelp and the maintenance of kelp associated fisheries. However, knowledge gaps exist hampering informed management and the long term sustainability of these coastal socio-ecological systems.It is unlikely that a one size fits all management approach will work in this region. The coastal oceanography is complex with areas of persistent and seasonal upwelling as well as areas with weak or no upwelling. Upwelling brings cold, nutrient-rich and CO2 saturated waters to the surface influencing population dynamics and community structure. Therefore in order to provide informed management advice there is a need to understand the impacts of harvesting intensity and environmental variability on the resilience (ability to tolerate and recover) of kelp populations. In addition, different harvesting techniques and other fisheries management devices are likely to impact the resilience of kelp forests and different restocking methods are likely to be more or less successful. We will use a multidisciplinary approach incorporating population genetics, experimental ecology, population and species distribution modelling and social-ecological approaches to deliver tools and indicators for sustainable kelp harvesting. Specifically we will address the following objectives:1. Quantify the total stock of exploited kelp species across the region and predict how this will change with climate change. 2. Investigate the impacts of harvesting intensity and environmental variability on the population structure and connectivity of a commercially harvested kelp species as well as five important kelp-associated species using molecular techniques and traditional ecological approaches. This will enable us to identify the physical drivers and biological traits that promote resilience within kelp forests. 3. Develop tools and indicators for sustainable kelp harvesting by exploring different management options to improve kelp resilience to harvesting as well as exploring options for promoting recovery of harvested areas. 4. Explore the role of traditional ecological knowledge and bottom-up approaches to fisheries governance on management compliance.In meeting these objectives we will make significant contributions to the development of informed management plans, which will improve the sustainability and economic development of this important fishery and region.

智利和秘鲁的浅潮下岩礁以海带为主，形成茂密的森林。在智利北部和中部，这导致了世界上最大的活体海带渔业之一，并雄心勃勃地将其空间范围扩大到秘鲁和智利南部。海带采伐导致砍伐，导致当地森林砍伐和栖息地破碎化，影响到该渔业的可持续发展以及海带森林生态系统的长期健康，而海带森林生态系统支持高水平的多样性，并为人类社会提供了价值数十亿美元的丰富商品和服务。鉴于智利和秘鲁的海带收获通常是由社会较贫困成员进行的，而且 46% 的手工渔业上岸量是与海带森林相关的物种，因此更好的渔业管理将改善经济发展。目前，实施的管理策略有限，而且执行不力。经合组织指出，过度捕捞和非法捕捞是该地区渔业面临的主要挑战，该地区缺乏治理最终将影响两国的经济发展。作为回应，智利和秘鲁政府致力于制定海带资源管理计划，智利政府宣布了具有里程碑意义的计划，不仅管理现有库存，而且向渔民提供直接资金，以补充资源枯竭的地区。秘鲁政府也走着类似的道路，两国都在寻求确保海带生物质的持续提取和海带相关渔业的维持。然而，知识差距的存在阻碍了这些沿海社会生态系统的知情管理和长期可持续性。一刀切的管理方法不太可能在该地区发挥作用。沿海海洋学非常复杂，存在持续性和季节性上升流区域以及弱或无上升流区域。上升流将寒冷、营养丰富且二氧化碳饱和的海水带到地表，影响种群动态和群落结构。因此，为了提供明智的管理建议，需要了解捕捞强度和环境变化对海带种群恢复力（耐受和恢复的能力）的影响。此外，不同的收获技术和其他渔业管理装置可能会影响海带森林的恢复力，不同的放养方法可能或多或少会成功。我们将采用多学科方法，结合种群遗传学、实验生态学、种群和物种分布模型以及社会生态方法，为可持续海带收获提供工具和指标。具体来说，我们将实现以下目标： 1．量化该地区被利用的海带物种的总存量，并预测其将如何随着气候变化而变化。 2. 使用分子技术和传统生态方法研究捕捞强度和环境变化对商业捕捞海带物种以及五种重要海带相关物种的种群结构和连通性的影响。这将使我们能够确定促进海带森林恢复能力的物理驱动因素和生物特征。 3. 通过探索不同的管理方案来提高海带对收获的适应能力，并探索促进收获区域恢复的方案，开发可持续海带收获的工具和指标。 4. 探索传统生态知识和自下而上的渔业治理方法对管理合规性的作用。在实现这些目标的过程中，我们将为制定明智的管理计划做出重大贡献，这将提高这一重要渔业和地区的可持续性和经济发展。

项目成果

Examining the production, export, and immediate fate of kelp detritus on open-coast subtidal reefs in the Northeast Atlantic

检查东北大西洋开放海岸潮下礁石上海带碎屑的生产、出口和直接命运

• DOI: 10.1002/lno.11970
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Limnology and Oceanography
• 影响因子: 4.5
• 作者: Smale D

Niche and neutral assembly mechanisms contribute to latitudinal diversity gradients in reef fishes

• DOI: 10.1111/jbi.14237
• 发表时间: 2021-08-15
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: Bosch, Nestor E.;Wernberg, Thomas;Tuya, Fernando
• 通讯作者: Tuya, Fernando

The intensity of kelp harvesting shapes the population structure of the foundation species Lessonia trabeculata along the Chilean coastline

• DOI: 10.1007/s00227-021-03870-7
• 发表时间: 2021-04
• 期刊: Marine Biology
• 影响因子: 2.4
• 作者: A. Gouraguine;P. Moore;M. Burrows;E. Velasco;Luis Ariz;Luis Figueroa-Fabrega;Rodrigo H Muñoz-Cordovez;Ítalo Fernández-Cisternas;D. Smale;A. Pérez‐Matus

Ecological performance differs between range centre and trailing edge populations of a cold-water kelp: implications for estimating net primary productivity

冷水海带的分布中心和后缘种群之间的生态表现不同：对估计净初级生产力的影响

• DOI: 10.1007/s00227-020-03743-5
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Marine Biology
• 影响因子: 2.4
• 作者: King N

Multiscale spatial variability in epibiont assemblage structure associated with stipes of kelp Laminaria hyperborea in the northeast Atlantic

东北大西洋海带海带柄相关的表生物组合结构的多尺度空间变异

• DOI: 10.3354/meps13794
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Marine Ecology Progress Series
• 影响因子: 2.5
• 作者: King N