A Systems Analysis Approach to Reduce Plastic Waste in Indonesian Societies (PISCES)

背景-印尼的塑料垃圾泄漏到环境中的数量是世界上最高的之一。每年只收集39%的废物，每年有600万吨废物被焚烧或倾倒到环境中，污染空气、土壤、地下水、河流和海洋，破坏生态系统及其服务。2017年，印尼政府出台了一项雄心勃勃的目标，到2025年将海洋塑料垃圾减少70%。然而，社会、行为、经济、政治和基础设施方面的挑战阻碍了该国1.7万个岛屿的进展。塑料和塑料渗漏的生产和消费是由多个相互关联的人类决策和做法推动的，这些决策和做法不容易分解为具体的、可管理的问题。我们需要更好地了解这些个别方面的性质以及将它们联系在一起的关系的性质。目的-为了应对这一挑战，我们将开展一项科学研究计划，将政治、环境、经济、技术和社会学科结合在一起，以了解和解决失败的原因，而不是治疗症状。目标-1)我们将研究塑料垃圾在环境中的来源、途径和命运，使用最先进的塑料使用、垃圾产生和垃圾丢弃的模型来估计到达印度尼西亚周围陆地、河流和海洋的塑料流量。我们将在全国范围内进行这项工作，并在东爪哇帕苏兰和巴厘岛杰姆布拉纳的两个案例研究地点更详细地开展这项工作。我们将使用这些数据来确定热点，确定模型校准和验证的优先地点，并为政府干预计划提供信息2)我们将在一系列热点位置进行垃圾调查，对从排放到环境的不同废物和垃圾进行计数和分类，以及从源头到海洋的距离不断增加，从而校准和验证模型。3)我们将研究塑料垃圾泄漏对生态系统服务、生态系统功能和社会经济结构的影响。4)我们将利用焦点小组和调查来增加我们对与塑料产品的消费、使用和处置相关的人类行为和文化因素的了解5)我们将在一个旨在评估塑料流动的复杂价值的分析框架下协调各种海量和货币数据类型的收集，该框架旨在评估塑料流动的复杂价值正面(利润、收益)或负面(成本、影响)。考虑到所有环境、经济、社会、技术和政治领域，该框架允许进行全系统评估，以支持知情决策。该系统的优化不仅有利于塑料资源的回收，还确保充分考虑对社会和环境的影响。在这个框架内使用先进的建模方法，我们将确定最有效的干预点，以便从塑料垃圾中创造价值，并最大限度地提高已确定的解决方案的效率。6)。我们将让用户和多个利益相关者参与“活的实验室实验”，共同创建、测试和观察新的解决方案和组织结构。我们将审查一整套设计干预措施(在产品、商业模式、行为变化、废物管理层面)，提供指导，说明在哪里可以进行成功的干预措施，并说明政治和法律框架的变化如何有助于更好地管理不同经济层面的资源。好处--我们的多方利益攸关方团队包括在实地以及地方和国家政府设计和实施变化方案的行动交付合作伙伴。我们的研究旨在为这些方案提供信息并增加其价值，促进学术界和政府、已建立的公私伙伴关系和实施方案之间的相互联系。

Context - Leakage of plastic waste into the environment in Indonesia is amongst the highest in the world. Only 39% of all waste is collected and 6 million tons of waste per annum is either burnt or dumped into the environment where it contaminates the air, soil, ground water, rivers and oceans damaging ecosystems and their services. In 2017, the Indonesian government introduced an ambitious target to reduce marine plastic debris by 70% by 2025. Yet social, behavioral, economic, political and infrastructural challenges hamper progress across the country's 17,000 islands. Production and consumption of plastic and plastic leakage are driven by multiple linked human decisions and practices that are not easily disentangled into specific, manageable problems. We need a better understanding of the nature of these individual aspects and that of the relationships that link them together.Aims - To address this challenge, we will conduct a scientific research programme that brings political, environmental, economic, technical and social disciplines together to understand and address the causes of failures, rather than treating the symptoms. Objectives - 1) We will research sources, pathways and fate of plastic waste in the environment, using state of the art modelling of plastic use, waste generation and littering to estimate the volumes of plastic flows reaching the land, rivers and seas around Indonesia. We will do this at national scale and in more detail at two case study sites in Pasuran, East Java and Jembrana, Bali. We will use this data to identify hotspots to prioritize sites for calibration and validation of the model and to inform government intervention programmes 2) We will calibrate and validate the models by doing litter surveys at a range of hotspot locations to count and categorize different items of waste and litter from the point of release into the environment and at increasing distances from the source to the sea. 3) We will examine impacts of plastic waste leakage on ecosystem services, ecosystem functions and social and economic structures. 4) We will use focus groups and surveys to increase our understanding of human behavioural and cultural factors associated with the consumption, use and disposal of plastic products 5) We will harmonise the collection of various mass and monetary data types under an analytical framework that seeks to assess the complex value of plastic flows positive (profit, benefit) or negative (cost, impact). Considering all environmental, economic, social, technical and political domains the framework allows for a whole-system assessment to support informed decision-making. Optimisation of the system not only facilitates the recovery of plastic resources but also ensures that impacts on society and the environment are fully considered. Using advanced modelling approaches within this framework, we will identify the most effective points to intervene, in order to create value from plastic waste and maximise the efficiency of identified solutions. 6). We will involve users and multiple stakeholders in "living laboratory experiments" co-creating, testing and observing new solutions and organizational structures. We will examine integrated sets of design interventions (at product, business model, behavior change, waste management levels), pproviding guidance as to where successful interventions can be made, and indicating how changes in the political and legal framework can be instrumental in the better management of resources at different levels of the economy.Benefits - Our multi-stakeholder team includes action delivery partners who are designing and implementing change programmes on the ground and local and national governments. Our research is designed to inform and add value to these programmes, driving inter-connectivity between academia and government, established public-private partnerships, implementation programmes.