PAMANA: Philippine Mining at the National to Catchment Scale - from Legacy Impacts to Sustainable Futures

随着世界走向低碳排放，对采矿的需求一如既往地强烈。当代的模式是“可持续采矿”，既有利可图，又能保护环境、生态系统和人类。菲律宾是一个矿产资源丰富的国家，拥有丰富的遗产和巨大的未来采矿潜力。要在菲律宾实现可持续采矿，需要对污染物历史进行新颖和有效的基线确定和监测，了解污染物的去向、运输和影响，以及补救和回收遗留矿区资源以及促进生态系统和景观恢复的方法。在这个项目中，我们通过采用基于集水区的方法来评估菲律宾的遗留影响和可持续采矿未来，从而满足所有这些需求。我们这样做是因为所有的采矿都发生在矿化的河流系统中，并对其产生影响。该项目以现有的英国-菲律宾合作研究和我们的NERC DOST-PCIEERD资助的伙伴关系和项目开发(PPD)赠款为基础，旨在实现一种基于地貌和生物地球化学的综合方法，以建立新的基线、环境影响监测和数值模拟方法，以确定资源潜力，并补救、恢复和管理受遗留、当代和未来采矿影响的集水区。我们将通过解决以下目标来实现这一目标：(1)展示和开发新的技术和分析方法，以建立菲律宾河流流域的基线水和生态质量，并监测和评估未来采矿和可持续采矿实践的影响；(2)量化菲律宾示范流域遗留和当代采矿造成的受污染沉积物的环境影响；(3)开发和验证矿山污染废物在百年时间尺度上如何通过菲律宾河流流域的3D数值模型，并预测不同气候变化和管理情景下未来的污染模式；(4)确定菲律宾尾矿库的环境影响、风险及资源和补救潜力；(5)在制定管理菲律宾矿化流域的政策和战略方面提出基于流域的办法，并确定在管理采矿集水区方面的最佳做法、挑战和经验教训，以便向其他热带国家可持续地实施。作为一个热带矿化国家的典范，菲律宾拥有丰富的生物多样性，可持续采矿的发展将对全球其他地区实现类似的结果具有全球意义。

As the world moves towards low carbon emissions, the need for mining is as great as it has ever been. The contemporary paradigm is 'sustainable mining' that is profitable but protects environments, ecosystems and humans. The Philippines is a mineral-rich nation with a legacy and significant potential for future mining. The move towards sustainable mining in the Philippines requires novel and effective baselining and monitoring of contaminant histories, an understanding of the fate, transport and impacts of the contaminants, and methods for remediating and recovering resources from legacy mining areas and for promoting ecosystem and landscape recovery. In this project, we address all of these needs by adopting a catchment-based approach to evaluate legacy impacts and sustainable mining futures in the Philippines. We do so because all mining takes place in and affects mineralised river systems. Building on existing UK-Philippines collaborative research and our NERC DOST-PCIEERD funded Partnership and Project Development (PPD) grant, this project aims to realise a combined geomorphological- and biogeochemical-based approach to establish new baseline, environmental impact monitoring and numerical modelling approaches to determine resource potential and remediate, rehabilitate and manage catchments affected by legacy, contemporary and future mining. We will achieve this aim by addressing the following objectives: (1) Demonstrate and develop novel technologies and analytical approaches to establish baseline water and ecological quality in Philippine river catchments, and to monitor and evaluate the impact of future mines and sustainable mining practice; (2) Quantify the environmental impacts of contaminated sediment from legacy and contemporary mining in an exemplar Philippine catchment; (3) Develop and verify a 3D numerical model of how mine contaminated waste has moved through Philippine river catchments over centennial time scales and to predict future patterns of contamination under different climate change and management scenarios; (4) Determine the environmental impacts, risks and resource and remediation potential of Philippine mine tailings dams; (5) Propose a catchment-based approach in developing policies and strategies to manage mineralised watersheds in the Philippines and identify the best practices, challenges, and lessons learnt in managing mining catchments for sustainable implementation to other tropical nations. As an exemplar of a tropical, mineralised nation with a rich biodiversity, the development of sustainable mining in the Philippines will be of global relevance to achieving similar outcomes elsewhere.