BEHAVIORAL & VETERINARY APPROACHES TO PRIMATE BREEDING

动物管理中最重要的问题之一是 确定最佳圈养环境的物理和 一个特定物种的心理健康。 估计 幸福需要行为、生理、创伤、健康和 不同生活条件下的动物繁殖。 的 本项目旨在提供这些物种的信息， 黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）、恒河猴（Macaca mulatta）和 猪尾猕猴（M. nemestrina）。 这三个数据的收集 物种在各种条件下与标准化的协议将 提供一个计算机化的数据库，以提高 国家育种计划，以证明现有的住房条件 和/或为未来设施的设计提供经验基础。 该项目也是正在进行的努力的一部分， 环境对攻击行为影响的理论模型。 非人灵长类动物对攻击性有许多限制， 有效地科普与拥挤有关的社会紧张局势 绥靖政策和建立和平。 1997年，收集了一组数据， 一只黑猩猩被关在一个大的自然围栏里， 花园，佛罗里达。 数据收集包括行为 观察和粪便样本，遵循相同的方法，我们 用前几年的数据来计算生活在耶基斯灵长类动物园的群体， 中心 粪便样本用于评估应激激素水平 如皮质醇（一篇关于该方法验证的文章， 1998年初出版）。 各组收集数据的比较 在耶基斯中心不同的条件下居住， 黑猩猩的行为根据密度条件和 附近有许多邻居居住。 此外，关于 每周记录的每只生活在耶基斯的黑猩猩的伤口 研究表明，住房条件会影响发生频率和严重程度 的伤口。 北约合作研究赠款支持了一项 将我们的项目扩展到大群黑猩猩， 阿纳姆动物园也收集了类似的数据。 行为 还对两组猪尾猕猴进行了观察 被安置在新伊比利亚灵长类中心的小围栏里， 方面应受中华 这些数据将与已经收集的数据进行比较， 同一物种的群体居住在耶基斯的较大化合物中， 中心 对其中一个耶基斯的观测也已经完成 在它被搬进一个更大的大院以记录 行为改变 关于短期影响的初步研究 在45只黑猩猩的样本中，我们发现 在高密度的环境下，社会行为减少了， 而压力的行为指标增加了。 另一篇发表 文章涉及的行为指标的实证检验， 压力和焦虑。 黑猩猩的视频图像， 猪尾猕猴和恒河猴在过去几年收集和编目 都被组合成了录像带， 手册. 录像带和行为手册将是资源， 协助他人解释计算机化数据库。

One of the most important issues in animal management is to determine the optimal captive environment for the physical and psychological well-being of a particular species. Estimates of well-being require data on behavior, physiology, trauma, health, and reproduction of animals under different living conditions. The present project seeks to provide this information for species such as the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), and pigtail macaque (M. nemestrina). Data collected on these three species under a variety of conditions with standardized protocols will provide a computerized data base that will enhance the ability of national breeding programs to justify existing housing conditions and/or provide an empirical basis for the design of future facilities. The project is also part of an ongoing effort to develop a new theoretical model of environmental effects on aggressive behavior. Nonhuman primates have many checks on aggression, and appear to effectively cope with social tension related to crowding through appeasement and peacemaking. In 1997, data were collected on a group of chimpanzee housed in a large naturalistic enclosure at Busch Gardens, Florida. Data collection consisted of behavioral observations and fecal samples, following the same methodology that we used the previous years for the groups living at the Yerkes Primate Center. The fecal samples are used to assess level of stress hormones such as cortisol (an article on the validation of the method was published in early 1998). Comparisons of the data collected on groups housed under different conditions at the Yerkes Center suggest that chimpanzee behavior differs depending on the density condition and the number of neighboring groups housed nearby. In addition, data on wounds recorded every week for each chimpanzee living at the Yerkes Center show that housing condition affects the frequency and severity of the wounds. A NATO Collaborative Research Grant has supported an extension of our project to the large group of chimpanzees of the Arnhem zoo in whic h similar data have been collected. Behavioral observations have also been done on two groups of pigtail macaques housed in small enclosures at the New Iberia Primate Center, Louisiana. These data will be compared with data already collected on groups of the same species housed in larger compounds at the Yerkes Center. Observations have also been completed on one of the Yerkes groups after it was moved into a larger compound to document behavioral changes. A first study on the short-term effects of increased density in a sample of 45 chimpanzees was published we found that under high-density conditions social behavior was reduced, whereas behavioral indicators of stress increased. Another published article dealt with an empirical test of behavioral indicators of stress and anxiety in chimpanzees. Video images of chimpanzees, pigtail and rhesus macaques collected and catalogued in previous years have been assembled into videotapes that will support a behavior manual. Videotapes and the behavior manual will be resources to assist others in the interpretation of the computerized data base.