BEHAVIORAL & VETERINARY APPROACHES TO PRIMATE BREEDING

动物管理中最重要的问题之一是 确定物理和环境的最佳圈养环境 某一特定物种的心理健康。估计 幸福需要行为、生理、创伤、健康和 动物在不同生活条件下的繁殖。这个 本项目旨在为物种提供这方面的信息，例如 黑猩猩、恒河猴(猕猴)和 辫尾猕猴(M.nomestrina)。收集的关于这三个方面的数据 在各种条件下的物种将通过标准化协议 提供一个计算机化的数据库，以增强 国家育种计划以证明现有住房条件是合理的 和/或为未来设施的设计提供经验基础。 该项目也是正在进行的开发新的 环境对攻击行为影响的理论模型。 非人灵长类动物有许多关于攻击性的检查，而且似乎 有效应对与拥挤有关的社会紧张局势 绥靖和调停。1997年，收集了一组关于 在布希的一个大的自然主义围栏里 佛罗里达州的花园。数据收集包括行为 观察和粪便样本，遵循相同的方法，我们 使用前几年生活在耶尔克斯灵长类动物的群体 中心。粪便样本被用来评估应激激素水平。 例如皮质醇(一篇关于该方法的验证的文章是 1998年初出版)。分组收集的数据的比较 在不同的条件下居住在耶克斯中心表明 黑猩猩的行为取决于密度条件和 附近居住的邻近团体的数量。此外，数据还包括 每周记录一只生活在耶尔克的黑猩猩的伤口 中心显示，住房条件影响发病频率和严重程度 伤痕累累。北约合作研究补助金支持了一项 将我们的项目扩展到非洲的一大群黑猩猩 阿纳姆动物园，在那里也收集了类似的数据。行为 对两组辫尾猕猴也进行了观察。 被安置在新伊比利亚灵长类中心的小围栏里， 路易斯安那州。这些数据将与已收集的数据进行比较 同一物种的群体被安置在耶尔克家族更大的院落里 中心。对其中一颗叶尔克星的观测也已完成。 在将其移到更大的院落后进行分组以记录 行为上的改变。一项关于短期影响的初步研究 我们发现，在45只黑猩猩的样本中，密度增加了 在高密度条件下，社会行为减少， 而压力的行为指标则有所增加。另一本出版了 文章对行为指标进行了实证检验。 黑猩猩的压力和焦虑。黑猩猩的视频图像， 前几年收集和编目的辫尾猕猴和恒河猴 已经被组装成录像带，可以支持一种行为 手册。录像带和行为手册将成为 协助他人解释计算机化的数据库。

One of the most important issues in animal management is to determine the optimal captive environment for the physical and psychological well-being of a particular species. Estimates of well-being require data on behavior, physiology, trauma, health, and reproduction of animals under different living conditions. The present project seeks to provide this information for species such as the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), and pigtail macaque (M. nemestrina). Data collected on these three species under a variety of conditions with standardized protocols will provide a computerized data base that will enhance the ability of national breeding programs to justify existing housing conditions and/or provide an empirical basis for the design of future facilities. The project is also part of an ongoing effort to develop a new theoretical model of environmental effects on aggressive behavior. Nonhuman primates have many checks on aggression, and appear to effectively cope with social tension related to crowding through appeasement and peacemaking. In 1997, data were collected on a group of chimpanzee housed in a large naturalistic enclosure at Busch Gardens, Florida. Data collection consisted of behavioral observations and fecal samples, following the same methodology that we used the previous years for the groups living at the Yerkes Primate Center. The fecal samples are used to assess level of stress hormones such as cortisol (an article on the validation of the method was published in early 1998). Comparisons of the data collected on groups housed under different conditions at the Yerkes Center suggest that chimpanzee behavior differs depending on the density condition and the number of neighboring groups housed nearby. In addition, data on wounds recorded every week for each chimpanzee living at the Yerkes Center show that housing condition affects the frequency and severity of the wounds. A NATO Collaborative Research Grant has supported an extension of our project to the large group of chimpanzees of the Arnhem zoo in whic h similar data have been collected. Behavioral observations have also been done on two groups of pigtail macaques housed in small enclosures at the New Iberia Primate Center, Louisiana. These data will be compared with data already collected on groups of the same species housed in larger compounds at the Yerkes Center. Observations have also been completed on one of the Yerkes groups after it was moved into a larger compound to document behavioral changes. A first study on the short-term effects of increased density in a sample of 45 chimpanzees was published we found that under high-density conditions social behavior was reduced, whereas behavioral indicators of stress increased. Another published article dealt with an empirical test of behavioral indicators of stress and anxiety in chimpanzees. Video images of chimpanzees, pigtail and rhesus macaques collected and catalogued in previous years have been assembled into videotapes that will support a behavior manual. Videotapes and the behavior manual will be resources to assist others in the interpretation of the computerized data base.