CoccolitHophore controls on ocean ALKalinitY (CHALKY)

CoccolitHophore 对海洋碱度(CHALKY)的控制

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    NE/Y004434/1
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 53.53万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2023
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2023 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    未结题

项目摘要

Each year in the North Atlantic Ocean, a key region for the global carbon cycle, immense areas of surface water turn turquoise in summer. This phenomenon relates to the growth and death of unique microscopic algae - coccolithophores. Coccolithophores cover their cells with scales of calcium carbonate (called coccoliths), produced internally and arranged into an exoskeleton around the cell. Under certain conditions, for example when nutrients are scarce or viruses infect cells, these coccoliths are shed in huge numbers. Due to their unique optical properties and immense abundance, they turn the water a milky turquoise colour and can be detected from space. These turquoise waters (termed 'white waters') are where coccoliths have accumulated in their trillions and have been considered as coccolithophore blooms.Coccolithophores form coccoliths through calcification, which produces CO2 and reduces the pH of the ocean by consuming alkalinity. When coccoliths are lost from the surface ocean, it reduces the capacity of the ocean to absorb more CO2. In this way, 'white waters' are thought to lead to significant reductions in the ocean's carbon sink. However, we now suspect that these 'white waters' are not areas of intensive coccolithophore calcification or growth, rather they are regions of senescence and an accumulation of detrital material. Coccolithophores have been found to grow faster and calcify more outside of the 'white waters' and more recently we have found that they are also heavily grazed by small animals (zooplankton) who partly digest the calcium carbonate. In this way, coccolithophore calcium carbonate appears to be recycled far more in surface waters than previously thought and the alkalinity they are associated with may be retained in the surface ocean. However, we have few coupled measurements of the balance of these different processes (growth, death and sinking) with which to take an informed view of how coccolithophores control ocean alkalinity. This represents a major uncertainty in the global marine C-cycle, with global C budgets and Earth System Models struggling to incorporate calcium carbonate or accurately replicate observations of seawater alkalinity. The 'coccolithophore controls on ocean alkalinity' (CHALKY) project aims to fill this critical knowledge gap by quantifying the balance of coccolithophore production and loss processes and their impact on C-cycling and air-sea CO2 fluxes. Our assessment of ecological interactions and impacts on seawater chemistry will be carried out while improving in situ and remotely sensed optical detection of coccolithophores to allow us to use Earth Observation data to scale our insights to the global ocean and historically using existing satellite data sets. CHALKY will, for the first time, concurrently quantify coccolithophore calcium carbonate production (consuming alkalinity), viral lysis (retaining alkalinity), zooplankton grazing (also retaining alkalinity) and sinking fluxes into the ocean's interior (removing alkalinity). We will look at the balance of these processes during the transition from late-spring to summer, when in situ and satellite data informs us that coccolithophores are most active. We combine a research cruise measuring these processes with autonomous platforms and state-of-the-art sensors measuring ocean chemistry and in situ optical properties. By quantifying the key growth and loss processes, within the context of seawater carbonate chemistry and C-cycling, CHALKY will inform a more accurate representation of how biology impacts the ability of seawater to absorb CO2, allowing closer matching of observations and models and inclusion of calcium carbonate in global C budgets.
北大西洋是全球碳循环的关键区域,每年夏天,大片的地表水都会变成绿松石。这种现象与独特的微小藻类-球藻生物的生长和死亡有关。球石生物体以碳酸钙(称为球石)的鳞片覆盖细胞,在细胞内部产生并排列成细胞周围的外骨骼。在某些条件下,例如当营养缺乏或病毒感染细胞时,这些球虫大量脱落。由于它们独特的光学性质和巨大的丰度,它们将水变成乳绿色,可以从太空中探测到。这些绿松石色的水域(称为“白水”)是球石聚集的地方,数以万亿计的球石被认为是球石的水华。球石通过钙化形成球石,这会产生二氧化碳,并通过消耗碱度降低海洋的pH值。当球石从表层海洋中消失时,它会降低海洋吸收更多二氧化碳的能力。通过这种方式,人们认为“白浪”会显著减少海洋的碳汇。然而,我们现在怀疑这些‘白水’并不是球藻密集钙化或生长的区域,而是衰老和碎屑物质堆积的区域。人们发现,在白水之外,球石生物生长得更快,钙化程度更高,最近我们发现,它们也被小型动物(浮游动物)大量捕食,这些动物部分消化了碳酸钙。通过这种方式,球石载体碳酸钙在地表水中的循环次数似乎比之前认为的要多得多,与它们相关的碱度可能会保留在表层海洋中。然而,我们很少对这些不同过程(生长、死亡和下沉)的平衡进行耦合测量,以了解球藻如何控制海洋碱度。这是全球海洋碳循环中的一个主要不确定性,全球碳预算和地球系统模型难以纳入碳酸钙或准确复制对海水碱度的观测。“海洋碱度控制”(白垩纪)项目旨在通过量化生物体生产和损失过程的平衡及其对碳循环和大气-海洋二氧化碳通量的影响来填补这一关键的知识空白。我们将对生态相互作用和对海水化学的影响进行评估,同时改进对球藻生物体的现场和遥感光学探测,使我们能够利用地球观测数据来扩大我们对全球海洋的洞察,并在历史上利用现有的卫星数据集。Chalky将首次同时量化球石生物碳酸钙的产量(消耗碱度)、病毒裂解(保留碱度)、浮游动物放牧(也保留碱度)和向海洋内部下沉的通量(去除碱度)。我们将在从春末到夏季的过渡过程中观察这些过程的平衡,届时现场数据和卫星数据告诉我们,球藻生物体最活跃。我们将测量这些过程的研究巡航与自主平台和测量海洋化学和现场光学特性的最先进的传感器结合在一起。通过在海水碳酸盐化学和碳循环的背景下量化关键的增长和损失过程,白垩岩将更准确地反映生物如何影响海水吸收二氧化碳的能力,从而使观察和模型更接近匹配,并将碳酸钙纳入全球碳预算。

项目成果

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Socratis Loucaides其他文献

Socratis Loucaides的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Socratis Loucaides', 18)}}的其他基金

A novel analytical assay for the spectrophotometric determination of phosphate in natural waters
一种新的分光光度法测定天然水中磷酸盐的分析方法
  • 批准号:
    NE/P006833/1
  • 财政年份:
    2016
  • 资助金额:
    $ 53.53万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant

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