Gamma-ray Burst-Supernova Connection

许多伽马射线暴(GRB)的起源可以通过一颗质量比太阳大几十倍的恒星的爆炸性死亡来解释。这颗恒星的核心在超新星事件中坍塌，很可能形成了一个黑洞，并释放出非常快的喷流。我们观测到的伽玛暴光来自喷流内部的肖克锋面，对于附近的一些伽玛暴，我们还看到伴随着核心塌缩的超新星(SN)。然而，对于哪些恒星将以GRB-SN的形式结束它们的生命，以及它们如何做到这一点，我们还没有一个足够成熟的图景。还迫切需要了解伽马射线暴喷气式飞机本身是如何从黑洞发射的。很多天体物理来源都有喷流，伽玛射线暴是其中最相对论的。一些最强的伽马射线暴--超新星组合在附近，弱光爆发，当然不是典型的伽玛射线暴。在其中一些伽玛暴中，预期的同步辐射不足以解释X射线和紫外线的性质。目前还有其他的光谱特征，它们的起源将在这个项目中进行研究，在爆发后几天到几周的光学超新星背景下：如果我们能在更高的X射线能量找到超新星的特征，它可能会揭示超新星的冲击爆发，并作为一个早期预警系统来帮助我们研究超新星的开始和演化。这个观测项目将使用来自NASA Swift卫星的过去、现在和未来的数据，NASA Swift卫星是一个专门寻找GRB的任务，其英国数据中心设在莱斯特，与其他一系列跨越许多波长的地面和空间天文台相结合。通过对这些数据中发现的时间、光谱和样本属性进行建模和模拟，您将研究伽马射线爆发及其相关超新星的性质和起源。

the origin of many gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be explained by the explosive death of a star tens of times more massive than our Sun. the star's core collapses in a supernova event, likely forming a black hole and releasing very fast jets. the GRB light we observe comes from schock fronts within this jets, and for some nearby GRBs we also see accompanying core-collapse supernova (SN). We do not, however, have a sufficiently developed picture of which stars will end their lives as GRB-SN, and how they do this. There is also an urgent need to understand how the GRB jets themselves are launched from the black hole. Very many astrophysical sources possess jets, GRBs being the most relativistic of these.Some of the strongest gamma-ray burst--supernova associations have been nearby, underluminous bursts, and certainly not to your typical GRB. The expected synchotron emission is, in some of these GRBs, not sufficient to explain the X-ray and UV properties. Additional spectral features are present, whose origins will be investigated in this project both in the context of supernovae in the optical several days to weeks after the burst: if we can find supernova signatures at higher, X-ray, energies it may reveal the supernova shock breakout and act as an early-warning system to help us sutdy the supernova onset and evolution.This observational project will use past, present and future data from the NASA Swift satellite, a dedicated GRB-finding mission with its UK data centre hosted in Leicester, in combination with a range of other ground- and space-based observatories spanning many wavelengths. Modelling and simulationg the temporal, spectral and sample properties found in these data, you will study the nature and origins of gamma-ray bursts and their associated supernovae.