Gamma-ray Burst-Supernova Connection

许多伽马射线暴（grb）的起源可以用一颗比太阳大几十倍的恒星的爆炸死亡来解释。这颗恒星的核心在超新星事件中坍塌，很可能形成一个黑洞，并释放出非常快速的喷流。我们观测到的伽马射线暴光来自这些喷流中的激波锋面，对于一些附近的伽马射线暴，我们也看到了伴随的核心坍缩超新星（SN）。然而，对于哪些恒星会以GRB-SN的形式结束它们的生命，以及它们是如何结束生命的，我们还没有一个充分发展的图景。我们还迫切需要了解伽马射线暴本身是如何从黑洞发射出来的。很多天体物理源都有喷流，grb是其中最具相对论性的。一些最强烈的伽玛射线爆发与超新星的关联就在附近，暗爆发，当然不是你典型的伽马射线暴。在一些伽马射线爆发中，预期的同步辐射不足以解释x射线和紫外线的特性。额外的光谱特征是存在的，它的起源将在这个项目中进行调查，在超新星爆发后的几天到几周的光学背景下：如果我们能在更高的x射线能量下找到超新星的特征，它可能会揭示超新星冲击爆发，并作为一个早期预警系统，帮助我们研究超新星的发生和演化。这个观测项目将使用NASA Swift卫星过去、现在和未来的数据，这是一个专门的grb发现任务，其英国数据中心位于莱斯特，结合一系列其他地面和天基天文台，跨越许多波长。建模和模拟在这些数据中发现的时间，光谱和样本属性，您将研究伽马射线暴及其相关超新星的性质和起源。

the origin of many gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be explained by the explosive death of a star tens of times more massive than our Sun. the star's core collapses in a supernova event, likely forming a black hole and releasing very fast jets. the GRB light we observe comes from schock fronts within this jets, and for some nearby GRBs we also see accompanying core-collapse supernova (SN). We do not, however, have a sufficiently developed picture of which stars will end their lives as GRB-SN, and how they do this. There is also an urgent need to understand how the GRB jets themselves are launched from the black hole. Very many astrophysical sources possess jets, GRBs being the most relativistic of these.Some of the strongest gamma-ray burst--supernova associations have been nearby, underluminous bursts, and certainly not to your typical GRB. The expected synchotron emission is, in some of these GRBs, not sufficient to explain the X-ray and UV properties. Additional spectral features are present, whose origins will be investigated in this project both in the context of supernovae in the optical several days to weeks after the burst: if we can find supernova signatures at higher, X-ray, energies it may reveal the supernova shock breakout and act as an early-warning system to help us sutdy the supernova onset and evolution.This observational project will use past, present and future data from the NASA Swift satellite, a dedicated GRB-finding mission with its UK data centre hosted in Leicester, in combination with a range of other ground- and space-based observatories spanning many wavelengths. Modelling and simulationg the temporal, spectral and sample properties found in these data, you will study the nature and origins of gamma-ray bursts and their associated supernovae.