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The underdog empowered: a case study of autistic policy influence in England (upd 05/22

弱势者赋权：英国自闭症政策影响的案例研究（更新05/22

基本信息

批准号：
2102376
负责人：
金额：
--
依托单位：
University of Bath
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Studentship
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2018 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2102376
关键词：
underdog empowered case study autistic

项目摘要

This thesis is predicated on the simple argument that there is a democratic deficit in social policy, and we ought to do something about it. Or, more specifically, we ought to seek to help those most excluded from the policy process - marginalised groups, which I prefer to term 'underdogs' - to empower themselves to increase their policy influence. Empowerment requires the empowered party to have an understanding and awareness of the situation in which they seek to exert influence. This thesis aims to provide that information through an understanding of policy influence and lobbying from the rarely-investigated viewpoint of the underdog. Armed with this information, I hope that the underdog may choose to use that information to develop an improved lobbying strategy. A theoretical operationalisation of influence and how underdogs can use their expertise, skills and individual strengths to help engineer conditions which are favourable to underdog influence is explored through a case study of autism policy influence in England. Autism policy has emerged as a subset of disability policy to be a policy area in its own right over the past twenty years. It is a stated policy priority for the WHO, UN and EU. Autistic activists have long espoused a strengths-based approach to autism though the neurodiversity movement, and have typical areas of strength which appear well-suited to lobbying and advocacy, such as persistence, single-mindedness and a detail-orientated memory. As an article-based thesis, the overarching research question of to what extent, under what conditions and to what effect underdogs exert policy influence is spread across three articles. The first article uses fuzzy set ideal type analysis (FSITA) to analyse policy documents across thirteen Western European countries and assess the political opportunity structure for autistic people. The second and third articles constitute the case study of autism policy influence in England. The second article focuses on the influence of autistic self-advocates relative to that of other stakeholders, and uses template analysis to assess influence and process tracing to assess the conditions in which influence is exerted. In both cases, document analysis is combined with stakeholder interviews. The third article focuses on how far autistic self-advocates substantively represent autistic people, what the actual influence of ordinary autistic people is and its effect. It uses template analysis and content analysis of documents and focus groups.This thesis will make a methodological contribution to the measurement of influence and a theoretical contribution to the understanding of underdog influence. It will also make an empirical contribution to the nascent autism policy scholarship. However, most importantly, I hope that it will encourage and contribute to the empowerment of the underdog and enable informed and effective lobbying strategies to be developed, such that the democratic deficit can, bit by bit, be chipped away.

这一论点基于一个简单的论点，即社会政策中存在民主赤字，我们应该对此做些什么，或者更具体地说，我们应该寻求帮助那些最被排除在政策过程之外的人--边缘化群体，我更喜欢称之为“弱势群体”--增强自己的能力，以增加他们在政策中的影响力。增强权能要求被赋予权能的一方了解和意识到他们试图施加影响的情况。本论文旨在通过从很少研究的弱势群体的角度了解政策影响和游说来提供这些信息。有了这些信息，我希望失败者可以选择使用这些信息来制定一个改进的游说策略。一个理论操作的影响力，以及如何弱势群体可以利用他们的专业知识，技能和个人的优势，以帮助工程师的条件，这是有利于弱势群体的影响，探讨通过自闭症政策的影响，在英格兰的案例研究。在过去的二十年里，自闭症政策已经成为残疾政策的一个子集，成为一个独立的政策领域。这是世卫组织、联合国和欧盟的一项既定政策优先事项。自闭症活动家长期以来一直通过神经多样性运动支持基于优势的自闭症方法，并且具有典型的优势领域，这些领域似乎非常适合游说和宣传，例如坚持，一心一意和细节导向的记忆。作为一个基于文章的论文，在什么程度上，在什么条件下，以何种效果的弱势群体施加政策影响力的首要研究问题是分散在三篇文章。第一篇文章使用模糊集理想类型分析（FSITA）分析了13个西欧国家的政策文件，并评估了自闭症患者的政治机会结构。第二篇和第三篇文章构成了英国自闭症政策影响的案例研究。第二篇文章侧重于自闭症自我倡导者相对于其他利益相关者的影响力，并使用模板分析来评估影响力和过程跟踪来评估施加影响力的条件。在这两种情况下，文件分析与利益相关者访谈相结合。第三篇文章主要探讨孤独症自我倡导者在多大程度上实质性地代表了孤独症患者，普通孤独症患者的实际影响力是什么，以及它的效果。本研究采用了模板分析法、文献内容分析法和焦点群体分析法，为影响力的测量提供了方法论上的贡献，也为理解弱势群体的影响力提供了理论上的贡献。它还将为新生的自闭症政策奖学金做出实证贡献。不过，最重要的是，我希望它能鼓励和促进弱势群体的赋权，并使他们能够制定明智和有效的游说策略，从而逐步消除民主赤字。