Can urban air quality be improved through the use of plant associated bacteria?

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Project Highlights: 3 points as a bulleted list- Assess how plants and microbes contribute to the provision of ecosystem services in urban areas, focussing on air pollution mitigation- Investigate degradation of air pollutants by plant-associated microbiota - Characterise phyllosphere microbiomes using environmental genomics approachesOverview: Over 90% of the UK population is urban and thus facing a range of urban-specific environmental challenges (higher temperatures, increased flooding risks, reduced air quality). Green infrastructure can help mitigate some of these challenges, but the choice of planting can have significant impact on the extent of benefits1. Plants with certain structural and functional properties (hairy leaves, large leaf areas, high transpiration rate) tend to provide higher level of services. Of particular interest are ecosystem services related to the mitigation of air pollution. Air pollution causes millions of premature deaths and is an important issue in metropolitan areas worldwide2. Air pollutants include a number of volatile species, such as NOx, SO2, carbon monoxide and a range of volatile organic compounds. In addition, particulate matter (PM) is a major concern for air quality and public health. PM are produced from natural and anthropogenic processes, the latter including transport emissions.The role of vegetation in maintaining and improving air quality is undisputed, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood at present. One such mechanism involves the trapping and removal of pollutants from the atmosphere, such as PM, but also in providing a habitat for plant associated microbial communities in the phyllosphere (above ground parts of plants); these bacteria too can act to remove and metabolise some of these gaseous pollutants. Building on previous research at RHS and Warwick, we are keen to test the potential of plants and bacteria to contribute to air quality improvement. The ability of plants to trap particulate matter is enhanced by properties such as having hairy leaves3. Trapped PM may remain bound to the leaf structure or can be transferred into soil by being washed off by rain water. Research at RHS has highlighted hairy-leaved plants like Stachys and Salvia species to be beneficial for PM trapping.Bacteria inhabiting the above ground parts of plants, the so-called phyllosphere, have the potential to degrade atmospheric volatile compounds and may contribute to degradation of volatile pollutants and chemicals bound to PM. Ongoing research at Warwick has shown microbial communities associated with tree leaves to degrade para-nitrophenol (PNP; Palmer, Bending, Schäfer, unpublished), a dominant atmospheric nitrophenol4, which is a component of particulate matter from diesel engines5. We have also observed phyllosphere microbiota to be capable of carbon monoxide degradation. In this PhD project you will address fundamental aspects of plant-bacterial partnerships and their potential to mitigate air pollutants. Key questions to be addressed are how the presence of leaf hairs affects microbial colonisation of the phyllosphere and how the microbiota interacts with the plant and atmospherically derived pollutants. This will be carried out with plants previously identified as providing a high level of ecosystem services within green infrastructure (Stachys and Salvia spp.). Interestingly, these plants also have high content of phenolic compounds, which may affect colonisation of the phyllosphere, but also prime the microbiota to degrade plant and atmosphere derived phenolic compounds. Suitable comparisons will be done with 'control' plants lacking hairy leaves/phenolic content. Overall, the student will assess whether the extent of ecosystem services delivery by these plants can be enhanced through the air pollutant degradation via partnership with specific microorganisms.