Neuro-Gothic: a new history of madness

神经哥特式：疯狂的新历史

• 批准号: 2154687
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Kingston University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2154687
• 关键词: Neuro; Gothic; new; history; madness

In Madness and Civilisation, Michel Foucault explores the history of madness in terms of the changing systems of knowledge and power which shape the diagnoses, containment and treatment of mentally ill people. From the end of the eighteenth-century, Gothic fiction's constructions of madness as an excess to reason, a disturbance of self and body or a threat to society participates in a process of shaping and contesting the scientific and popular forms of knowledge and contributing to discursive formations of madness: it complicates moral and sexual relations (in representations of virtue, vice and hysteria); entwines aesthetic and neurasthenic modes (in Poe's diseased imaginings); gives form to the dark, pathological contents of the excitable unconscious (in Freud as well as in the fiction of the late nineteenth century). Gothic writing discloses itself to be a fiction of the nerves ('neuro-gothic'). Notions of trauma, psychosis, schizophrenia that arise from late nineteenth-century studies (in Freud and Krafft-Ebing notably) are reframed by medical psychiatry and anti-psychiatry in neurochemical or existential terms: issues of (social) institutionalisation vie with questions of self-formation and are refracted in new Gothic writing (like that of Patrick McGrath). Current developments see an extension of neurological focus in which older notions of trauma are reconfigured in cognitive terms (PTSD) and types of brain damage serve to elaborate a distinctly neuroscientific framework that alters technical and conceptual approaches to madness. The philosopher Catherine Malabou outlines the role of neural plasticity in the identification of altered models of consciousness: the new wounded - divested of the subjectivity, sexuality and unconscious mental structures observed by Freudian analysis - names beings defined by types of neurological damage. These beings, moreover, are very much creatures of a late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century environment of mediated and technoscientific innovation. They are also significant figures in a new yet still neuro-gothic cultural alignment in which older forms of horror migrate into the new media transforming daily life and consciousness: 'neuromantic' ghosts (in cyberpunk fiction), walking dead in games and on screen and the spectral self-haunting dominating accounts of dementia signal a significant and extensive development of gothic tropes.

在《疯狂与文明》一书中，米歇尔·福柯探讨了疯狂的历史，从不断变化的知识和权力体系的角度来探讨，这些知识和权力体系塑造了精神病患者的诊断、遏制和治疗。从18世纪末开始，哥特小说将疯狂塑造成一种超越理性的东西，一种对自我和身体的干扰，一种对社会的威胁，参与了一个塑造和挑战科学和大众知识形式的过程，并促成了疯狂的话语形式：它使道德和性关系复杂化（在美德，邪恶和歇斯底里的代表）;纠缠美学和神经衰弱模式（在爱伦·坡的病态的散文中）;使易激动的无意识的黑暗的、病态的内容具有形式（在弗洛伊德和世纪后期的小说中）。哥特式写作揭示了自己是一个虚构的神经（“神经哥特式”）。创伤、精神病、精神分裂症的概念产生于19世纪后期的研究（尤其是弗洛伊德和克拉夫特-埃宾的研究），被医学精神病学和反精神病学用神经化学或存在主义的术语重新定义：（社会）制度化的问题与自我形成的问题相竞争，并在新哥特式写作中折射出来（如帕特里克麦格拉思的作品）。目前的发展看到了神经学焦点的延伸，其中旧的创伤概念在认知术语（PTSD）中被重新配置，脑损伤的类型有助于详细阐述一个独特的神经科学框架，改变了对疯狂的技术和概念方法。哲学家凯瑟琳·马拉布（Catherine Malabou）概述了神经可塑性在识别意识改变模型中的作用：新的受伤者--被弗洛伊德分析所观察到的主体性、性和无意识的心理结构剥离--根据神经损伤的类型来命名。此外，这些人在很大程度上是世纪末和21世纪初中介创新和科技创新环境的产物。他们也是一个新的但仍然是神经哥特式文化联盟的重要人物，其中旧形式的恐怖迁移到新媒体中，改变日常生活和意识：“神经错乱”的幽灵（在赛博朋克小说中），游戏和屏幕上的行尸走肉以及对痴呆症的光谱自我困扰占主导地位的帐户标志着哥特式比喻的重大和广泛的发展。