Definiteness in Gothic & Old Church Slavonic biblical translation: a semantic analysis of form and use

我的研究重点是比较哥特式和古教会斯拉夫语（OCS）的各种潜在的实例的分布和语义的确定性，使用比较分析，以调查在何种程度上哥特式和OCS能够代表原始希腊来源的确定性，并比较在每种语言的情况下使用的范围（类型的语义参考）的确定性实例。其目的是确定不仅在多大程度上哥特式和OCS可以各自表现出明确作为独立的语言，但更创新的是，在多大程度上哥特式和OCS的明确语义是可比的。通过比较有定形式的情景使用，我的目标是比文献更进一步，并将每种语言定位在语义发展的光谱上，以希腊语作为完全有定标记的范例。哥特语和古教会斯拉夫语都被认为在不同程度上将有定作为语义范畴来表达。我的目标是在现有文献的基础上，注意到每种语言之间在定义的潜在实例方面的一些明显的相似之处。哥特式和奥匈帝国在使用独特的形容词形式方面有一个明显的比较点，这些形容词形式被认为是明确的：与短式形容词相对的长式形容词（Lindberg，2013年和Flier，1974年），哥特式弱形容词与强形容词形成对比，哥特式中的弱形式也（大多数）伴随指示代词（Ratkus，2018）。我们还注意到每种语言中使用不同的指示代词，这些指示代词在后来的斯拉夫语和日耳曼语的证明中发展为完全成熟的定冠词：OCS指示代词在中古保加利亚语中发展为定冠词，而哥特语中的指示代词与现代日耳曼语变体中的完全成熟的定冠词形成对比。我还将调查一些分歧的领域，例如，OCS可以说是使用的属格解释（GA）作为一个潜在的标记的明确性在斯拉夫语的生命类别的发展。我打算通过考虑这些形式的语义学来进一步研究这些形式上的相似性，既把限定性看作是每种语言的一个范畴，又看作是两者之间的一个比较范围。为此，我将使用一个全面的列表，不同的情景使用的确定性（语义参考类型）跨语言，我可以使用作为分析的基础。通过分析每种语言中的有定性实例，我希望不仅能了解每种语言中有定性实例的分布，而且还能了解这种形式的语义发展，反过来帮助我们把哥特式和OCS放在一个光谱上，朝着我们在现代变体中看到的完全明确的标记。我最初的研究将涉及量化各种潜在的实例在这三种语言（包括希腊语）中的每一种语言中的确定性，并将这些沿着一系列情景用法进行分类。为此，我计划使用与我在哲学硕士论文中使用的相同的希腊语、哥特语和奥克拉荷马州圣经翻译数据集，该论文讨论了哥特语中“ga”前缀的语义与奥克拉荷马州和希腊语的比较。由于我们没有哥特式或OCS圣经翻译的希腊原文，我也将利用一系列希腊原文，包括Streitberg等重要版本。我们还注意到，希腊新约中的参考类型的语义标记以前已经进行过（Lindberg，2013），在TOROT树库中进行了类似的OCS工作。这使得这项任务更加可行，因为我的工作将主要涉及分析哥特式文本，交叉引用以前对OCS和希腊文本的分析，并使这种分析适应我的特定光谱。

My research focus is to compare the distribution and semantics of various potential instantiations of definiteness in Gothic and Old Church Slavonic (OCS), using comparative analysis to investigate the extent to which Gothic and OCS are able to represent the definiteness of the original Greek sources, and comparing the range of situational uses (types of semantic reference) of such instantiations of definiteness in each language. The aim is to determine not only the extent to which Gothic and OCS can each exhibit definiteness as independent languages, but, more innovatively, the extent to which the semantics of definiteness in Gothic and OCS are comparable. By comparing the situational uses of definite forms, I aim to go further than the literature and position each language on a spectrum of semantic development towards full definiteness, with Greek as an exemplar of full definiteness marking.Both Gothic and Old Church Slavonic have been argued to express definiteness as a semantic category to varying degrees. I aim to build on the existing literature by noting some clear similarities between each language in terms of potential instantiations of definiteness. There is a clear point of comparison between Gothic and OCS in the use of distinctive adjectival forms which have been argued to render definiteness: OCS long-form adjectives used in contrast to short-form adjectives (Lindberg, 2013 and Flier, 1974), and Gothic weak adjectives in contrast to strong adjectives, with such weak forms in the Gothic also (mostly) accompanied by demonstrative pronouns (Ratkus, 2018). We also note the use of distinct demonstrative pronouns in each language which will develop in later attestations of Slavonic and Germanic languages into fully-fledged definite articles: OCS demonstrative pronouns develop into definite articles in Middle Bulgarian, while the demonstrative pronouns in Gothic contrast with fully-fledged definite articles in modern Germanic varieties. I will also investigate some areas of divergence, for example that OCS arguably makes use of the genitive-accusative (GA) as a potential marker of definiteness in the development of the animacy category in Slavonic. I intend to take these formal similarities further by considering the semantics of such forms, both regarding definiteness as a category of each language, and as a spectrum of comparison between the two. To this end, I will make use of a comprehensive list of different situational uses of definiteness (semantic reference types) cross-linguistically which I can then use as the basis of the analysis. By analysing the instantiations of definiteness in each language with such a spectrum, I hope to offer insight not only into the distribution of such instantiations of definiteness in each language, but also the semantic development of such forms, in turn helping us to put Gothic and OCS on a spectrum towards the full definiteness marking we see in the modern varieties.My initial research will involve quantifying the various potential instantiations of definiteness in each of the three languages (including Greek) and classifying these along a spectrum of situational uses. To this end, I plan to use the same dataset of Greek, Gothic and OCS biblical translations that I used for my MPhil thesis on the semantics of 'ga'-prefixation in Gothic compared to OCS and Greek. As we do not have the original Greek source of the Gothic or OCS biblical translations, I shall also make use of a range of Greek sources, including critical editions such as that of Streitberg. We also note that semantic tagging of reference types in the Greek New Testament has been performed previously (Lindberg, 2013), with similar work on OCS performed within the TOROT treebank. This makes the task significantly more feasible, as my work will primarily involve analysing the Gothic text, cross-referencing the previous analysis of OCS and Greek text, and adapting this analysis to my specific spectrum.