Urban environmental media: hazards, exposure route & modelled health impacts

该项目将：（i）审查城市环境介质中金属/准金属分布、接触途径和人类健康影响建模的现有工作;以及砷、铅、镉和汞的生物监测参考值;（ii）系统地确定（视情况而定）大曼彻斯特地区代表性地点的主要环境媒介中砷、铅、镉和/或汞的相关性;（三）通过食物频率和行为调查问卷以及酌情对尿液、头发、指甲、血液和呼吸冷凝物进行生物监测，评估具有代表性的人类接触情况;及（v）制定风险管理方案，供大曼彻斯特当局考虑，沿着其他工具，具有成本效益地减少大曼彻斯特地区环境化学品暴露引起的公共卫生非传染性疾病负担。将对各种元素/接触途径组合的相对重要性进行范围界定研究，以便能够对其中最重要的元素进行重点更突出的研究。预计这很可能导致更加集中于以下方面的工作：（一）对来自空气中微粒的接触进行矿物学控制（例如PM10，（iii）特别脆弱社区稻米中砷的暴露（iv）金属/通过饮用水的类金属暴露这项工作将建立在最近完成的调查基础上：（i）通过英格兰西南部的私人供水、食物和土壤的砷暴露（Middleton等人，2016 a，2016 b，2016 c）和（ii）印度水稻的砷暴露和遗传毒性（Mondal和Polya，2008年; Mondal等人，2008; Mondal等人，2010年，Banerjee等人，2013; Polya等人，2016年），由曼彻斯特砷研究小组和新的呼吸冷凝物生物监测铬由HSL（铬（III）和铬（VI）Leese，莫顿等人，2016）;最后（iii）实地研究（Hg; Guedron等人，2014年）和环境危害的统计建模（As; Sovann和Polya，2014年）和生物监测数据（Smolders，Warren等人，2014年度）

This project will: (i) review existing work of metal/loid distribution in urban environmental media, exposure routes and modelling human health impacts; together with biomonitoring reference values for arsenic, lead , cadmium and mercury (ii) systematically determine the concentration, speciation and mineralogical (as appropriate) associations of arsenic, lead, cadmium and/or mercury, in key environmental media from representative sites around Greater Manchester ; (iii) evaluate representative human exposure through a combination of food frequency and behaviour questionnaires and biomonitoring of urine, hair, nails, blood and breath condensates as appropriate; (iv) develop models of public health impacts arising from these exposures; and (v) develop risk management options for the Greater Manchester authority to consider, along with other instruments, to cost effectively reduce public health non-communicable disease burden arising from environmental chemical exposures in the Greater Manchester area. A scoping study of the relative importance of various element/exposure route combinations will be carried out to enable more focussed studies to be executed on the most important of these. It is anticipated that this may well lead to a closer focussing on work on: (i) Mineralogical controls on exposures from airborne particulates (ii) Tracking particulate (e.g. PM10, PM25) exposure with personalised samplers coupled with GIS tracker data (iii) Exposure to arsenic in rice of particularly vulnerable communities (iv) Metal/metalloid exposure via drinking water The work will build upon recently completed investigations of (i) arsenic exposure through private water supplies, food and soil in south-west England (Middleton et al., 2016a, 2016b, 2016c) and (ii) arsenic exposure and genotoxicity through rice in India (Mondal and Polya, 2008; Mondal et al., 2008; Mondal et al., 2010, Banerjee et al., 2013; Polya et al., 2016), by the Manchester Arsenic Research Group and of novel breath condensate biomonitoring of chromium by HSL (Cr(III) & Cr(VI) Leese, Morton et al., 2016); and lastly (iii) field studies (Hg; Guedron et al., 2014) and statistical modelling of environmental hazards (As; Sovann and Polya, 2014) and biomonitoring data (Smolders, Warren et al., 2014)