A Comparative Analysis of European Asylum Policy: Welfare Regimes, Refugees and Rights

欧洲庇护政策的比较分析：福利制度、难民与权利

• 批准号: 2221127
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Bristol
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2221127
• 关键词: Comparative; Analysis; European; Asylum; Policy

Migration and asylum issues have emerged as highly contentious areas of public debate across Western Europe, as exemplified by the rapid emergence of far-right and populist politics witnessed across electoral campaigns of several European Union (EU) member states. Amid the backdrop, key features of the of EU's lagging response to the 'Refugee Crisis', such as the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and Dublin Regulations, responsible for determining how and where asylum claimants are processed, has quickly disintegrated, revealing the unequal distribution of refugees across Europe, and the overstretched reception capabilities in counties such as Greece and Italy. Diverging procedures across member states in determining the legal status of asylum seekers is further problematic (Ostrand, 2015), as disparities between full 'refugee status' and 'subsidiary protection', increasingly used in countries such as Sweden, Spain and the Netherlands, have prompted unequal rights and protections for individuals seeking asylum. Such determinations have become increasingly important, with growing examples of regional disparity, effecting individuals' rights to uncapped residence, extended access to welfare programmes and provisions for family reunification. This heterogeneity brings to the forefront concerns ,that EU liberal democracies, ostensibly based on the mutual respect for human rights, have failed to deliver on the fundamental values of cooperation, solidarity and equality, which are enshrined in the constitution of the EU, and have led to the creation of a 'lottery system' (Human Rights Watch, 2015, p. 15) in which protection is reserved for the privilege of the few (Boccardie, 2002), and bestowed by virtue of luck.

移民和庇护问题已成为西欧公众辩论中极具争议的领域，在几个欧盟成员国的竞选活动中，极右翼和民粹主义政治的迅速崛起就是一个例证。在此背景下，欧盟对“难民危机”反应滞后的关键特征，如欧洲共同庇护制度（CEAS）和都柏林条例，负责确定如何和在哪里处理庇护申请人，已经迅速瓦解，揭示了难民在欧洲各地的不平等分布，以及希腊和意大利等国的接收能力过度紧张。在确定寻求庇护者的法律地位方面，成员国之间的程序分歧进一步成为问题（Ostrand, 2015），因为在瑞典、西班牙和荷兰等国越来越多地使用完全“难民身份”和“辅助保护”之间的差异，导致寻求庇护者的权利和保护不平等。这种决定已变得越来越重要，区域差异的例子越来越多，影响到个人不受限制居住的权利、扩大获得福利方案的机会和家庭团聚的规定。这种异质性引起了人们的关注，即欧盟自由民主国家表面上基于对人权的相互尊重，却未能实现欧盟宪法中所载的合作、团结和平等的基本价值观，并导致了一种“彩票制度”的建立（人权观察，2015年，第15页），在这种制度下，保护只留给少数人的特权（Boccardie， 2002年），并通过运气获得保护。