A Comparative Analysis of European Asylum Policy: Welfare Regimes, Refugees and Rights

移民和庇护问题已成为西欧公众辩论的高度争议领域，极右翼和民粹主义政治在几个欧洲联盟(欧盟)成员国的竞选活动中迅速崛起就是例证。在此背景下，欧洲共同庇护制度(CEAS)和都柏林法规等欧盟应对难民危机滞后的关键特征迅速瓦解，这些特征负责决定如何以及在哪里处理庇护申请，暴露出欧洲各地难民分布的不平等，以及希腊和意大利等国接收能力的过度扩张。在确定寻求庇护者的法律地位方面，成员国之间的程序差异更是成问题(Ostrand，2015)，因为在瑞典、西班牙和荷兰等国，越来越多的国家使用完整的“难民身份”和“辅助保护”之间的差距，导致对寻求庇护的个人的权利和保护不平等。这种决定变得越来越重要，地区差距越来越大，影响个人无上限居住权的例子越来越多，扩大了获得福利方案的机会和家庭团聚的规定。这种异质性引发了人们的最大担忧，即表面上以相互尊重人权为基础的欧盟自由民主未能实现欧盟宪法所规定的合作、团结和平等的基本价值观，并导致了一种“彩票制度”的创建(人权观察，2015年，第15页)，在这种制度下，保护是为少数人的特权保留的(博卡迪，2002年)，并凭借运气给予保护。

Migration and asylum issues have emerged as highly contentious areas of public debate across Western Europe, as exemplified by the rapid emergence of far-right and populist politics witnessed across electoral campaigns of several European Union (EU) member states. Amid the backdrop, key features of the of EU's lagging response to the 'Refugee Crisis', such as the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and Dublin Regulations, responsible for determining how and where asylum claimants are processed, has quickly disintegrated, revealing the unequal distribution of refugees across Europe, and the overstretched reception capabilities in counties such as Greece and Italy. Diverging procedures across member states in determining the legal status of asylum seekers is further problematic (Ostrand, 2015), as disparities between full 'refugee status' and 'subsidiary protection', increasingly used in countries such as Sweden, Spain and the Netherlands, have prompted unequal rights and protections for individuals seeking asylum. Such determinations have become increasingly important, with growing examples of regional disparity, effecting individuals' rights to uncapped residence, extended access to welfare programmes and provisions for family reunification. This heterogeneity brings to the forefront concerns ,that EU liberal democracies, ostensibly based on the mutual respect for human rights, have failed to deliver on the fundamental values of cooperation, solidarity and equality, which are enshrined in the constitution of the EU, and have led to the creation of a 'lottery system' (Human Rights Watch, 2015, p. 15) in which protection is reserved for the privilege of the few (Boccardie, 2002), and bestowed by virtue of luck.