Fronds to forests: Individual-based and whole-forest models of kelp

从叶状体到森林：海带的个体模型和整个森林模型

• 批准号: 2269242
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Strathclyde
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2269242
• 关键词: Fronds; forests; Individual; based; whole

Harvesting of seaweeds for biofuel, fertiliser, and extraction of chemicals for human and animal food products, and pharmaceuticals, is a significant industry in some countries especially the Far East1. In the northeast Atlantic region, significant harvesting involving dedicated vessels occurs only in France and Norway. The annual Norwegian harvest is more than 100,000 tonnes. The biomass of kelp (mainly Laminaria hyperborea) in Scottish waters is estimated to be in excess of 20 million tonnes2, and a 10,000-15,000 tonne per annum harvesting industry developed in the Western Isles during the 1970's-1990's. However, the current harvesting is confined to a small number of hand-harvesting businesses producing speciality products, and recent proposals for mechanical harvesting have been rejected by the Scottish Government pending a thorough review. Opposition to mechanical harvesting of kelp at sites in Scotland appears to be motivated more by a precautionary approach, and not based on any specific scientific evidence of large scale adverse consequences, at least from the scale of harvesting that is envisaged. In fact, although there is ample experience-based knowledge on effective harvesting strategies from French and Norwegian experiences, scientific understanding of kelp forest dynamics is markedly lacking. Kelp are relatively long-lived (up to 10 years depending on species) physiologically complex plants, able to store significant reserves of nitrogen, and excrete quantities of polysaccharides into the environment. Forests provide a dense habitat for a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, and forest dynamics depend on a range of environmental factors such as turbidity, temperature and wave exposure, and density-dependent regulatory process such as inter-generational competition for space (settling spores require a secure surface for holdfast development), and self-shading competition for light. These density dependent processes are exactly the ones that may mitigate or accentuate any effects of harvesting on the forests.In this project we will develop mathematical models of kelp forest dynamics appropriate to Scottish waters that can then be used to explore the consequences of natural variability and harvesting on forest biomass and regeneration. We will approach the problem from two directions - using models of whole-forest biomass and properties, and individual-based models of interacting plants. The few models of kelp dynamics that exist in the literature3,4 generally model the development (growth and survival ) of individual plants, and then assume that this is synonymous with forest development. However, this is not necessarily the case.The task of the PhD project will be to:-Develop, test and parameterise both the forest and individual-based models for a range of well studies sites around Scotland, starting with the legacy of historical data from Loch Creran5.-Conduct model experiments to determine the extent, and under what conditions and parameter values, the whole-forest model is able to simulate the behaviour of the individual-based models.-Conduct experiments with the models to determine the optimum harvesting strategy to ensure sustainable forest biomass and structure into the future1Capuzzo, E. and McKie, T. (2016). Seaweed in the UK and abroad - status, products, limitations, gaps and Cefas role. Cefas contract report FC002I. 78pp.2Burrows et al. (2018) Wild Seaweed Harvesting as a Diversification Opportunity for Fishermen. A report by SRSL for HIE, pp. 1713Aldridge, J., van de Molen, J. and Forster, R. (2012). Wider ecological implications of Macroalgae cultivation. The Crown Estate, 95 pp.4Broch, O.J. and Slagstad, D. (2012). Modelling seasonal growth and composition of the kelp Saccharina latissimi. J. Appl. Phycol. 24, 759-776.5Johnston, C.S., Jones, R.G. and Hunt, R.D. (1977). A seasonal carbon budget for a laminarian population in a Scottish sea-loch. Helgolander Wiss.

收获海藻用于生物燃料、肥料以及提取用于人类和动物食品和药品的化学品，是一些国家（尤其是远东地区）的重要产业1。在东北大西洋地区，只有法国和挪威使用专用船只进行大量捕捞。挪威的年产量超过10万吨。苏格兰水域的海带（主要是海带）生物量估计超过 2000 万吨2，1970 年代至 1990 年代，西部群岛发展了每年 10,000-15,000 吨的捕捞业。然而，目前的收割仅限于少数生产特色产品的手工收割企业，最近的机械收割提案已被苏格兰政府拒绝，等待彻底审查。反对在苏格兰进行海带机械收获的动机似乎更多是出于预防措施，而不是基于任何大规模不利后果的具体科学证据，至少从设想的收获规模来看是这样。事实上，尽管法国和挪威的经验丰富了关于有效采伐策略的经验知识，但对海带森林动态的科学理解却明显缺乏。海带是相对长寿（根据物种长达 10 年）的生理复杂植物，能够储存大量的氮，并向环境中排放大量的多糖。森林为各种无脊椎动物和脊椎动物物种提供了茂密的栖息地，森林动态取决于一系列环境因素，如浑浊度、温度和波浪暴露，以及依赖于密度的调节过程，如代际空间竞争（沉降孢子需要一个安全的表面来保持发育）和自遮光竞争。这些依赖于密度的过程正是可能减轻或加剧采伐对森林的影响的过程。在这个项目中，我们将开发适合苏格兰水域的海带森林动态数学模型，然后可用于探索自然变化和采伐对森林生物量和再生的影响。我们将从两个方向解决这个问题——使用整个森林生物量和特性的模型，以及基于个体的相互作用植物的模型。文献 3,4 中存在的少数海带动力学模型通常模拟单个植物的发育（生长和生存），然后假设这与森林发展同义。然而，情况并非一定如此。博士项目的任务将是：-从克里兰湖5的历史数据遗产开始，为苏格兰各地的一系列井研究地点开发、测试和参数化基于森林和基于个体的模型。-进行模型实验，以确定整个森林模型能够模拟基于个体的模型的行为的范围、以及在什么条件和参数值下。-用模型进行实验，以确定 确保未来可持续森林生物量和结构的最佳采伐策略1Capuzzo, E. 和 McKie, T. (2016)。海藻在英国和国外的地位、产品、限制、差距和 Cefas 的作用。 Cefas 合同报告 FC002I。 78 页。2Burrows 等人。 (2018) 野生海藻收获是渔民多样化的机会。 SRSL 为 HIE 撰写的报告，第 1713 页 Aldridge, J.、van de Molen, J. 和 Forster, R. (2012)。大型藻类培养的更广泛的生态影响。 《皇家财产》，95 页。4Broch, O.J.和 Slagstad, D. (2012)。对海带 Saccharina latissimi 的季节性生长和成分进行建模。 J.应用程序。菲科尔。 24, 759-776.5约翰斯顿，C.S.，琼斯，R.G.和亨特，R.D.（1977）。苏格兰海湾海带动物种群的季节性碳预算。赫尔戈兰德·维斯.