'Reforming' human and animal relationships in early modern Scotland, c.1560-1660.

“改革”近代早期苏格兰的人与动物关系，约 1560-1660 年。

• 批准号: 2272670
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Strathclyde
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2272670
• 关键词: Reforming; human; animal; relationships; early

The Protestant Reformation saw the suppression of Catholic culture and traditional folk practices in favour of a severe form of Calvinist moral discipline. The extensive church records kept in Scotland after 1560 provide a rare and important insight into everyday early modern life, and comprise a substantial source base through which to investigate the influence of Protestant reform on human-animal relations. The Kirk session and presbytery records (CH2, 1558-2006) held by the National Records of Scotland (NRS) provide one of Europe's richest bodies of evidence for understanding Reformation processes at a local level. There are a wide range of everyday human-animal interactions present in the records; for example, in Perth 'shameless persons' were fined for bringing their dogs to church (CH2/521, 1585). The church records allow for essential comparisons between different regions or parishes, rural urban divides, and highland and lowland agricultural practices. My analysis of the church record will therefore adopt a methodology of comparative case study. In addition, travel diaries- such as Martin's A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland -will be considered. These diaries often highlight highland-lowland differences between farming and animal husbandry and will therefore be used, alongside church records, to assess the impact that the Reformation had on everyday human-animal relationships.Several scholars have written influential histories of the Scottish, and British, Reformation relevant to my approach. I will use the model of historical anthropology employed by Todd (2002) in her study of the impact of the Reformation on Scottish popular culture as a basis for my own research, whilst drawing on Alexandra Walsham's highly influential study The Reformation of the Landscape (2011). Walsham examines how theological and liturgical transformations both shaped, and were shaped by, the physical environment in which they occurred. She particularly highlights how religious change resulted in the modification of traditions and rituals pertaining to the landscape. Her work, however, does not consider animals- despite their fundamental place in the everyday lives of early modern people. My project will uniquely bring animals into the discussion of the 'Reformed' landscape for the first time, thereby producing a fuller understanding of the daily lives of people who lived and worked alongside animals, and informing wider understandings of Reformation ideas about the natural world.My thesis will also examine how people thought about and interacted with animals in a predominantly agrarian society, where humans relied on animals for food, clothing and transport, and where animals played an important role in cultural belief systems. Schneider (2004) argues that the Reformation saw the demonisation of animism (the belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence) preserved in folk religion. This approach points to a direct shift in ideas about the natural world. However, my masters research traced a fluidity between the boundaries of human and animal within early modern Scottish folk belief which contrasted starkly with elite (learned) understanding, thus indicating a popular (and perhaps persistent) worldview more closely aligned with animism. My PhD thesis will investigate this further, and will consider what role the Scottish Reformation - and the sweeping changes in religious culture accompanying it - played in transforming Scotland from a society steeped in animism, to one with 'enlightened' attitudes towards animal husbandry and agricultural improvement, where animals played a more functional role.The discipline of historical animal studies has found considerable purchase in English (Erica Fudge, 2006/2017), European (Joyce Salisbury, 1994; Karen Raber, 2013) and worldwide contexts (Virginia DeJohn Anderson, 2004; Susan Nance, 2010).

新教改革对天主教文化和传统民间习俗进行了压制，转而实行严格的加尔文主义道德纪律。 1560 年之后苏格兰保存的大量教会记录为了解早期现代生活提供了罕见而重要的见解，并构成了调查新教改革对人与动物关系的影响的重要来源基础。苏格兰国家档案馆 (NRS) 保存的柯克会议和长老会记录（CH2，1558-2006）为了解地方层面的宗教改革进程提供了欧洲最丰富的证据之一。记录中存在各种各样的日常人与动物互动；例如，在珀斯，“无耻之人”因带狗去教堂而被罚款（CH2/521，1585）。教会记录可以对不同地区或教区、城乡差异以及高地和低地农业实践进行基本比较。因此，我对教会记录的分析将采用比较案例研究的方法。此外，还将考虑旅行日记，例如马丁的《苏格兰西部群岛的描述》。这些日记经常强调农业和畜牧业之间的高地和低地差异，因此将与教会记录一起用来评估宗教改革对日常人与动物关系的影响。一些学者撰写了与我的方法相关的有影响力的苏格兰和英国宗教改革历史。我将使用托德（Todd，2002）在研究宗教改革对苏格兰流行文化的影响时所采用的历史人类学模型作为我自己研究的基础，同时借鉴亚历山德拉·沃尔沙姆（Alexandra Walsham）极具影响力的研究《景观的改革》（The Reformation of the Landscape，2011）。沃尔沙姆研究了神学和礼拜仪式的转变如何塑造它们发生的物理环境，以及它们是如何被它们所发生的物理环境所塑造的。她特别强调了宗教变革如何导致与景观相关的传统和仪式的改变。然而，她的作品并没有考虑动物——尽管它们在早期现代人的日常生活中占有重要地位。我的项目将首次将动物带入“改革宗”景观的讨论中，从而更全面地了解与动物一起生活和工作的人们的日常生活，并让人们更广泛地理解宗教改革关于自然世界的思想。我的论文还将研究在以农业为主的社会中，人们如何思考动物并与动物互动，在这个社会中，人类依靠动物获得食物、衣服和交通，动物在文化信仰体系中发挥着重要作用。 Schneider (2004) 认为，宗教改革见证了民间宗教中保留的万物有灵论（相信物体、地点和生物都拥有独特的精神本质）的妖魔化。这种方法表明人们对自然世界的看法发生了直接转变。然而，我的硕士研究追踪了现代早期苏格兰民间信仰中人类和动物界限之间的流动性，这与精英（学习的）理解形成鲜明对比，从而表明一种流行的（也许是持久的）世界观与万物有灵论更加紧密地结合在一起。我的博士论文将进一步研究这一点，并将考虑苏格兰宗教改革以及随之而来的宗教文化的彻底变化在苏格兰从一个充满万物有灵论的社会转变为一个对畜牧业和农业改良持“开明”态度的社会中发挥了什么作用，其中动物发挥了更多的功能性作用。历史动物研究学科在英语（Erica Fudge，2006/2017）、欧洲（Joyce）中得到了相当大的支持。 索尔兹伯里，1994； Karen Raber，2013）和全球背景（Virginia DeJohn Anderson，2004；Susan Nance，2010）。