Affecting Perceived Risks and Ambivalence About Smoking

描述（由申请人提供）：青少年戒烟计划应用了各种态度-行为关系模型来解释吸烟行为。随着青少年和年轻人尝试并继续吸烟，他们认为吸烟的积极后果比消极后果更突出。当他们考虑戒烟时，消极的态度和消极的结果预期变得更加突出，并与现有的积极信念竞争。 因此，一个主要的挑战是改变态度的基本结构，重点是增加消极吸烟信念的显著性，以激励戒烟。然而，年轻吸烟者不太可能注意戒烟信息，并在没有令人信服的证据表明吸烟对他们有负面影响的情况下尝试戒烟。因此，提供关于吸烟危害的个性化数据可能足以威胁增加年轻吸烟者的吸烟风险和戒烟欲望。重要的是，通过个性化的风险反馈增加吸烟后果的个人相关性，应该激励那些认为自己的风险更高的年轻吸烟者注意和处理与吸烟有关的信息。通过增加消极吸烟信念的显着性，年轻吸烟者可能会对他们的吸烟感到更加矛盾。 矛盾心理被定义为“一个人对一个态度对象的反应在评价上混合的程度，其中既包括积极（有利的）因素，也包括消极（不利的）因素”（普里斯特和佩蒂，1996年，第460页）。研究人员还没有探索如何：1）使年轻吸烟者对他们的吸烟感到矛盾影响戒烟，2）吸烟风险的个体化影响旨在诱导矛盾心理的吸烟相关信息的程度，以及可能的矛盾心理本身。使用120名年轻的成年经常吸烟者（18-24岁的社区大学生），我们测试的效果，旨在增加感知吸烟相关的风险和对吸烟的矛盾心理的操作。受试者将被随机分配至2（个体化风险反馈：否/是）X 2（吸烟矛盾心理诱导：否/是）受试者之间的前后设计。个体化风险条件下的参与者将通过肺量计获得关于自我报告的呼吸道症状和肺老化的反馈。处于吸烟矛盾心理状态的吸烟者会观看一段关于大学生吸烟者对吸烟表达矛盾情绪的视频。假设操作是成功的，预计在个性化的风险反馈和吸烟矛盾心理诱导条件下的参与者将表达更强烈的戒烟愿望，更有可能使用自助手册，并减少。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Youth smoking cessation programs have applied various models of attitude-behavior relations to explain smoking behaviors. As teens and young adults experiment with and continue to smoke, they view the positive outcomes of smoking as more salient than the negative outcomes. As they think about quitting, negative attitudes and negative outcome expectancies become more salient and compete with existing positive beliefs. Thus, a major challenge is changing the underlying structure of attitudes, with an emphasis on increasing the saliency of negative smoking beliefs to motivate cessation. However, young smokers are less likely to attend to cessation messages and attempt to quit without convincing evidence that smoking is affecting them negatively. Hence, presenting individualized data on the harms of smoking may be sufficiently threatening to increase young smokers' perceived smoking risks and desires to quit. Of import, increasing the personal relevance of smoking consequences via individualized risk feedback should motivate young smokers who perceive their risk as higher to attend to and process smoking-related messages. By increasing the saliency of negative smoking beliefs, young smokers may come to feel more ambivalent about their smoking. Ambivalence is defined as "the extent to which one's reactions to an attitude object are evaluatively mixed in that both positive (favorable) and negative (unfavorable) elements are included" (Priester & Petty, 1996, p. 460). Researchers have yet to explore how: 1) making young smokers feel ambivalent about their smoking affects cessation, and 2) the individualization of smoking risks affects the extent of process smoking-related messages intended to induce ambivalence, and possibly ambivalence itself. Using 120 young adult regular smokers (community college students ages 18-24), we test the efficacy of manipulations intended to increase perceived smoking-related risks and ambivalence towards smoking. Participants will be randomized to a 2 (individualized risk feedback: no/yes) X 2 (smoking ambivalence induction: no/yes) pre-post between subjects design. Participants in the individualized risk condition will get feedback about self-reported respiratory symptoms and lung aging, obtained via spirometry. Smokers in the smoking ambivalence condition will watch a video about college smokers expressing conflicted feeling towards smoking. Assuming the manipulations are successful, it is expected that participants in the individualized risk feedback and smoking ambivalence induction conditions will express a stronger desire to quit, be more likely to use a self-help manual, and reduce.