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Generalization of Semantic Learning in Amnesia

失忆症语义学习的推广

基本信息

批准号：
6800816
负责人：
BARRY GORDON
金额：
$ 14.72万
依托单位：
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2003
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2003-09-15 至 2006-01-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6800816
关键词：
behavioral /social science research tag brain injury clinical research cues eye movements human subject learning magnetic resonance imaging memory memory disorders neuropsychological tests psychomotor reaction time semantics temporal lobe /cortex visual stimulus

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Individuals with amnesia caused by medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage have marked difficulties learning new semantic (factual) and episodic information. Furthermore, what semantic information they can learn typically seems to be hyperspecific and cannot be flexibly applied. This limitation has been theoretically important. It has been interpreted as indicating that one of the functions of the MTL is to generalize incoming information, by coarse coding and by distributing connections among related information. However, learning without the MTL may not be as hyperspecific as data from amnesia may suggest. The errorless training methods that have been used to teach factual information to individuals with amnesia may encourage narrow, inflexible learning. Moreover, it has been shown empirically that learning can be made more general and more flexible by introducing variance into the materials to be learned. Neural network theorizing has suggested an explanation for this, in terms of the creation and broadening of basins of attraction in memory. Theoretical considerations also suggest that the timing of such training may also be very important. Accordingly, we will study individuals with amnesia caused by MTL damage (confirmed by 3D MRI reconstructions) and matched controls on two types of material: factual information (three word, subject-verb-object sentences such as Harry loves Sally); and face-name associations. Training in the Variance Condition will introduce variations into the verb (loves -> adores) or into the face (different views) and be compared to training without such variations in the No-Variance Condition. Furthermore, the effect of the timing in training when variations are introduced (from the beginning or after the canonical item has been introduced) will be tested. We expect that introducing variation into training will help the material that is learned become more generalizable and more flexible. In addition to standard measures of recall and recognition accuracy, we will also assess learning using reaction time and looking time techniques. Preliminary data from one amnesic individual studied so far supports our predictions and provides evidence for the feasibility and potential theoretical and practical yields of the proposed research. Therefore, the proposed studies will apply evidence and innovative notions from several different areas of investigation to the scientifically important problem of amnesia due to MTL damage. The results from this study would be expected to help initiate new lines of investigation into the interrelated challenges as to what fundamental mechanisms are involved in memory and what the best approaches are for learning new semantic information.

描述（由申请人提供）：内侧颞叶（MTL）损伤引起的健忘症患者在学习新的语义（事实）和情节信息方面存在明显困难。此外，他们可以学习的语义信息通常似乎是超特定的，不能灵活应用。这种限制在理论上是重要的。它被解释为表明多边贸易日志的功能之一是通过粗编码和在相关信息之间分配联系来概括输入的信息。然而，没有MTL的学习可能并不像健忘症的数据所显示的那样是超特异性的。用于向健忘症患者教授事实信息的无错训练方法可能会鼓励狭隘、僵化的学习。此外，经验表明，通过在学习材料中引入差异，可以使学习更加普遍和灵活。神经网络理论对此提出了一种解释，即在记忆中创造和扩大吸引力的盆地。理论上的考虑还表明，这种培训的时机也可能非常重要。因此，我们将研究由MTL损伤引起的健忘症患者（经3D MRI重建证实），并在两种类型的材料上进行匹配控制：事实信息（三个单词，主谓宾句，如Harry loves Sally）;和面孔-名字关联。方差条件下的训练将在动词（loves -> adores）或面部（不同的视图）中引入变化，并与无方差条件下没有此类变化的训练进行比较。此外，将测试引入变化时（从开始或在引入规范项目之后）的训练时机的影响。我们希望在培训中引入变化将有助于学习的材料变得更普遍和更灵活。除了回忆和识别准确性的标准措施外，我们还将使用反应时间和注视时间技术来评估学习。到目前为止，一个健忘症患者的初步研究数据支持我们的预测，并提供了证据的可行性和潜在的理论和实际产量的拟议研究。因此，拟议的研究将应用证据和创新的概念，从几个不同的调查领域，以科学的重要问题，健忘症由于MTL损害。这项研究的结果将有助于启动新的调查路线的相互关联的挑战，什么基本机制参与记忆和学习新的语义信息的最佳方法是什么。