Application of Computational Methods and Multiomic Techniques to the Analysis of Marine Life

众所周知，人们对海洋环境仍然知之甚少。这部分是由于海洋生态系统和生物的庞大和复杂性;世界上大约有15 000种鱼类，其他门的鱼类还有数千种。因此，计算方法在获得对海洋生物过程的关键见解方面至关重要，因为它们可以帮助我们整合和理解大量数据，否则这些数据是不可能或不可行的。这些方法的应用与来自前沿研究的多组学数据相结合，可以在许多方面产生重大影响。欧洲鱼类的可持续性日益受到关注，过度捕捞造成鱼类资源枯竭，低于维持限度。许多鱼是作为副渔获物捕获的，不能用于人类食用，但许多鱼目前被丢弃在海上，这样它们就不会影响船只的总允许捕获量。2013年商定的改革后的共同渔业政策规定了如何、在何处以及谁可以开发鱼类以实现可持续捕捞，其中包括上岸义务的规定，这将有效禁止在海上丢弃可持续捕捞的鱼种。因此，渔获物需要按物种分类，分为供人类消费市场的所需渔获物、必须留在船上和上岸的不需要的配额物种渔获物和可以丢弃在海上的不需要的非配额物种渔获物。当不需要的渔获物被集中在一起时，它往往会分解，特别是在长途捕鱼途中，使它们难以识别。鉴于所有在配额范围内的鱼种的捕获量将从这些鱼种的配额中扣除，因此有必要制定多组学方法，以便在渔获物变质时查明/核实渔获物中的鱼种，新的共同渔业政策还包括适用法律的最小养护参考尺寸，以防止最小的鱼进入人类消费市场。如果被捕获，它们将不得不以其他方式利用，例如用于能源生产、堆肥、青贮饲料和鱼粉。在每种情况下，码头都需要有储存箱，以收集丢弃物并将其运输进行处理。大部分会将弃鱼转化为可使用产品（例如鱼粉）的商业机构均表示，由于他们不接受非法、未报告和不受管制的鱼类，因此需要知道弃鱼的来源。建议的项目将探讨先进计算方法的应用，例如机器学习，沿着来自“组学”方法的数据，如蛋白质组学和基因组学，用于高通量物种鉴定和生物年龄估计。理想情况下，这些方法将被证明是有用的，以跟踪从加工产品（鱼粉）的物种与船长的记录进行交叉检查，从而监测/执行登陆义务，以及监测过度捕捞对人口统计的影响。还有许多其他生物因素影响全球鱼类种群，特别是对水产养殖的依赖日益增加。这在英国尤其如此，三文鱼养殖在苏格兰经济中发挥着巨大作用，并为英国提供了大量的鱼类消费。因此，能够研究水产养殖所面临的生物挑战，如鲑鱼虱或微生物携带的生物体，只有通过使用应用于多组学数据的计算方法的组合才能获得详细程度，这一点非常重要。这项研究可以进一步应用于渔业，分析导致捕获鱼类腐败的海洋微生物群的来源和储量，以减少暴露，从而减少浪费的可能性。

It is well known that the marine environment remains poorly understood. This is partially due to the large, complex nature of marine ecosystems and organisms; there are around 15,000 species of fish in the world, and many thousands more from other phyla. Computational approaches can therefore be essential in gaining key insights into marine biological processes, as they can help us integrate and understand vast amounts of data, which would otherwise be impossible or infeasible to interpret. The application of these methods combined with multiomics data from cutting edge research can have significant impacts in a number of ways.The sustainability of fish within Europe is becoming an increasing concern, with overfishing creating a depletion of fish stocks below maintainable limits. Numerous fish are caught as bycatch that cannot be used for human consumption, but many are currently discarded at sea so that they do not impact on the vessels' total allowable catches. The reformed common fisheries policy, agreed in 2013, which states how, where and who can exploit fish to enable sustainable fishing, includes provisions for a landings obligation which will effectively ban the discarding at sea of TAC fish species. The catch will therefore need to be sorted to species level, separated into the wanted catch destined for the human consumption market, the unwanted catch of quota species that has to be retained onboard and landed, and the unwanted catch of non-quota species that can be discarded at sea. When the unwanted catch is lumped together as bulk it often decomposes, especially on long fishing trips, making them difficult to identify. Given that all catches of species under quota will be subtracted from the quota of those species there is need to develop multiomic methods to identify/verify the species in the catch when the catch is spoiled.The new CFP also includes the application of legal minimum conservation reference sizes in order to prevent the smallest fish entering the human consumption market. If caught they will have to be utilized in some other way, such as for energy production, composting, silage and fish meal. In each case storage bins will be required at the quay to collect the discards and transport them for processing. Most of the commercial outlets who would convert the discards into usable products, e.g. fish meal, have indicated that they would need to know the source of the discards since they do not accept illegal, unreported and unregulated fish.The proposed project will explore the applications of advanced computational methods, such as machine learning, along with data derived from 'omics' methodologies such as proteomics and genomics for high-throughput species identification well as biological age estimation. Ideally these methods would prove to be useful to trace the species from the processed product (fish meal) to cross check with skipper's records and therefore monitoring/enforce the landing obligation, as well as to monitor the impacts on overfishing on population demography.There are many other biological factors affecting global fish stocks, especially with an ever increasing reliance on aquaculture. This is particularly true in the UK, with aquaculture Salmon playing a huge part in the Scottish economy and providing a large fish consumed in the UK. It is therefore highly important to be able to study the biotic challenges facing aquaculture, such as Salmon lice or microbe-harboring organisms, to a level of detail which can only be gained through the use of a combination of computational methods being applied to multiomics data. This research can be further applied to fisheries by analyzing the sources and reserves of marine microbiota which contribute to the spoilage of caught fish, with a view to reducing exposure and therefore reducing the potential for wastage.