Insecticide resistance in Africa Malaria mosquitoes

描述（由申请方提供）：南非和莫桑比克南部的疟疾病媒控制问题最近已成为一个严重问题。复合因素包括以下方面。1)莫桑比克将不允许使用滴滴涕进行室内喷洒，因此无法实现100%消灭病媒物种An。因为它对替代杀虫剂有抗性。2)由于全球环境压力，以及当地社区反对滴滴涕对抗药性臭虫的兴奋作用导致臭虫活动增加，以及房屋墙壁上的残留痕迹不为社会所接受，南非已停止使用滴滴涕进行房屋喷洒。采用拟除虫菊酯喷洒后，这一问题得到了解决。到2000年夏末，南非经历了50多年来最严重的疟疾流行病，滴滴涕被重新引入。3)新出现的抗药性滴滴涕内的人口。在夸祖鲁/纳塔尔北方的阿拉伯小蠊中发现的杀虫剂可能会加速用其他杀虫剂如拟除虫菊酯取代滴滴涕。由于上述原因，必须开发高度选择性和敏感性，但易于使用的拟除虫菊酯介导的抗性酶测定法。迫切需要这些测定来评估抗An的程度。funestus和An.并提供关于抗药性管理最适当的杀虫剂处理的信息。位于戴维斯的加州大学的研究小组已经开发出一系列新型的酶介导抗性报告基因，这些基因已成功地用于检测库蚊的抗性。本研究的总体目标是测试这些测定法对非洲载体An的抗性和敏感菌株。funestus和An.在VCRU的阿拉伯种。因此，我们提出以下具体目标： 1.由加州大学戴维斯分校开发的Adapt测定法用于检测库蚊复合群对An的酶介导的拟除虫菊酯抗性。funestus菌落和野生拟除虫菊酯耐受An.阿拉伯的。 评价新的快速和灵敏的蚊子拟除虫菊酯选择性酯酶的荧光测定法。 B。评估蚊子P450混合功能氧化酶的灵敏荧光测定。 2.将这些技术转让给VCRU，并进行有限的现场试验，以生成能够开发完整R 01应用的初步数据。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The problem of malaria vector control in South Africa and southern Mozambique has recently become a serious issue. Compounding factors include the following. 1) Mozambique will not allow the use of DDT for house spraying and therefore will not achieve 100% eradication of the vector species An. funestus because of its resistance to the alternative insecticides. 2) DDT for house spraying was discontinued in South Africa because of global environmental pressure and because of objections raised by local communities to increased bed bug activity resulting from excitatory effects of DDT on the resistant bugs and to socially unacceptable residue marks on the walls of the houses. This was overcome by the introduction of pyrethroid spraying. By the end of summer 2000, South Africa had experienced its worst malaria epidemic for over 50 years and DDT was reintroduced. 3) Newly arisen resistance to DDT within populations of An. arabiensis in northern Kwazulu/Natal will likely accelerate replacement of DDT with other insecticides such as pyrethroids. As a result of the above, it is imperative that highly selective and sensitive, yet easy to use enzyme assays for pyrethroid-mediated resistance are developed. These assays are urgently needed to assess the extent of resistance in An. funestus and An. arabiensis and provide information on the most appropriate insecticidal treatment for resistance management. Research groups at the University of California at Davis have developed a series of novel reporters of enzyme-mediate resistance that have successfully been used in examining resistance in Culex mosquitoes. The overall objective of this study is to test these assays on resistant and susceptible strains of the African vectors An. funestus and An. arabiensis housed at the VCRU. We therefore propose the following specific objectives: 1. Adapt assays developed by UC Davis for the detection of enzyme-mediated pyrethroid resistance in Culex complex mosquitoes to An. funestus colonies and wild pyrethroid tolerant An. arabiensis. Evaluate novel rapid and sensitive fluorescent assays for mosquito pyrethroid selective esterase. B. Evaluate sensitive fluorescent assays for mosquito P450 mixed function oxidases. 2. Transfer these technologies to the VCRU and perform limited field trials in order to generate preliminary data that will enable the development of a full R01 application.