A linguistic ethnographic approach to identity construction in in sex workers' narratives in England and Greece

大多数性工作者的需求仍然没有得到满足，因为暴力、仇恨犯罪、歧视和社会排斥是她们在全球范围内仍然面临的问题（全球性工作项目网络[NSWP]， 2017）。大多数相关法律框架，如果不将性工作者和有偿性服务的提供定为犯罪，则将第三方或客户的参与定为犯罪。其中，这些政策很大程度上借鉴了反性工作和支持性工作学者之间的争论，前者认为性工作是一种有害的文化实践，构成了一种暴力形式（Jeffreys, 2008），而后者则避开了传统的、道德的性理解，认为它是合法的工作。在英国，虽然“对卖淫的监管和执法在全国范围内的优先级和资源分配并不均衡”，但成年人之间的性服务买卖是非法的，但各种与卖淫有关的活动（如拉客）是非法的（All-Party Parliamentary Groupon prostitution and Global Sex Trade [APPG], 2014）。同样，在希腊，性工作的监管法规不再满足时代的需求，并对性工作者进行了污名化（欧洲性工作者权利国际委员会[ICRSE]， 2017），这使它成为性工作研究的另一个有趣的网站。迄今为止，只有少数研究关注性工作者的身份建构（Benoit et al., 2018;Chowdhury, 2006; Oliveira, 2017; Read, 2013），很大程度上忽视了语言与社会之间的相互构成关系（Fairclough, 2013）。鉴于社会身份在语言的语境使用及其与其他符号学模式（如副语言、体现）的互动中被广泛（重新）产生（Koller, 2012），对性工作者产生的话语进行深入分析不仅可以解构对她们的刻板印象，还可以揭示她们的身份以及这些身份如何在互动中出现、发挥作用和嵌入。这种探索也可以为更流行的性工作社会学、心理学和临床方法提供一种替代方法，这些方法主要侧重于推动性工作进入的因素，它与健康的关系以及排斥程度（Balfour & Allen, 2014）。鉴于以上所述，我在论文中的目的是通过遵循语言民族志的方法来研究性工作是如何在性工作者自己的叙述中被话语表达和理解的，从而为关于性工作者身份的语言和社会科学知识做出贡献。我的博士学位旨在解决以下研究问题和子问题：英格兰和希腊的性工作者如何谈论性工作，以及他们如何表现自己与性工作的关系？a)性工作者的性别和性身份如何影响他们对性工作的表述方式？b)性工作者对工作的态度如何以及在多大程度上受到客户和工作场所的影响？c)英国和希腊的性工作者如何谈论本国规范性工作的法律框架？d)在性工作者的叙述中，希腊和英国关于性工作的法律框架的哪些方面被提及，以及他们是如何被描述、评估和理解的

Most sex workers' needs remain unmet as violence, hate crimes, discrimination and social exclusionare among the problems they still face globally (Global Network of Sex Work Projects [NSWP], 2017).The majority of relevant legal frameworks, if not criminalising sex workers and the offer of paid sexualservices, criminalise either the involvement of third-parties or clients. Among others, these policiesgreatly draw on what could be broadly described as a debate between anti-sex-work and pro-sex-workscholars, where the former view sex work as a harmful cultural practice constituting a form of violence(Jeffreys, 2008) while the latter, eschewing traditional, moral understandings of sexuality, view it as alegitimate work. In England, while "policing and enforcement of prostitution is unevenly prioritised andresourced throughout the country", the sale/purchase of sexual services between consenting adults islegal but various prostitution related activities (e.g. soliciting) are illegal (All-Party Parliamentary Groupon Prostitution and the Global Sex Trade [APPG], 2014). Similarly, in Greece, sex work is regulated bylaws that no longer address the needs of the era and stigmatise sex workers (International Committeeon the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe [ICRSE], 2017), rendering it another interesting site for thestudy of sex work.To date, only a few studies have focused on sex workers' identity construction (Benoit et al., 2018;Chowdhury, 2006; Oliveira, 2017; Read, 2013), largely disregarding the mutually constitutiverelationship between language and society (Fairclough, 2013). Given that social identities areextensively (re)produced in language in its contextual use and its interactions with other semiotic modes (e.g. paralanguage, embodiment) (Koller, 2012), an in-depth analysis of discourse produced bysex workers can not only deconstruct stereotypes about them but also reveal a great deal about theiridentities and how such identities emerge, function and are embedded in interaction. Such anexploration can also offer an alternative to the more prevalent, sociological, psychological and clinicalapproaches to sex work, which focus predominantly on the factors driving entrance to sex work, itsrelationship with health and the levels of exclusion (Balfour & Allen, 2014).In view of the above, my aim in my thesis is to contribute to the linguistic and social scientificknowledge on sex workers' identity by following a linguistic ethnographic approach to examine how sexwork is discursively represented and understood in sex workers' own accounts. My PhD aims to address the following research question and sub-questions:How do sex workers in England and Greece talk about sex work and how do they present themselvesin relation to it?a) How do sex workers' gender and sexual identity affect their way of representing sex work?b) How and to what extent are sex workers' attitudes towards their job affected by clientèle andworksite?c) How do sex workers in England and in Greece talk about the legal frameworks regulating sex work intheir country?d) What aspects of the legal frameworks concerning sex work in Greece and in England are mentionedin sex workers' narratives and how are they described, evaluated and made sense of