Investigations of Human Cone Directionality

描述(申请人提供)：眼睛是一种高度专业的光学 系统。其正确的功能需要在图像质量和图像质量 单一波长和需要在广泛的条件下运行。 视网膜图像质量由眼睛的屈光因素决定 (角膜和晶状体)和视锥感光细胞。视锥感光器扮演着一个 关键角色，因为它们优先从特定的 在瞳孔属性中的位置，因为他们离散地对 视网膜图像。锥体之间的相互作用和球面的折射性质 眼睛并不被很好地理解，而且在不同的人之间有很大的差异。 对这种相互作用的理解具有很高的临床意义，因为 每年有100万名患者正在接受某种形式的屈光手术。 屈光手术还没有考虑到较大的受试者内部 变种。如果增强屈光策略的未来计划要改进 远景，那么它们的设计必须理解权衡和 图像形成过程中涉及的优化。这项提案将使这两项基本 对图像形成的所有方面进行测量，并询问是否 眼睛的像差是由随机误差引起的，或者实际上是在一些 感官有益，随变化提供更一致的图像质量 在视网膜图像的光谱内容中。 我们将测量眼睛在可见光光谱上的光学质量 现代波前传感技术。利用现代光学技术，我们将 测量锥体方向敏感度和锥体堆积密度。 我们将使用心理物理测量来验证新的光学技术。我们 将眼睛的波像差的信息与 圆锥体的定向选择性和堆积密度的测量 光感受器获得视网膜图像质量的个性化评估 单色光和多色光。视网膜图像质量将是 作为年龄和屈光不正的函数进行检查。我们将使用这些数据来 检验是否将锥体信息合并到估计中 视网膜图像质量能更好地描述患者的视力 性能。最后，我们将测试视锥细胞是否能够主动响应 通过重新定位眼睛的变化。我们的长期目标是了解 在人眼成像的初始阶段所涉及的因素， 包括角膜、晶状体和视锥感光器的贡献，如 以及他们之间的互动。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The eye is a highly specialized optical system. Its proper function requires tradeoffs between image quality at a single wavelength and the need to operate over a wide range of conditions., Retinal image quality is determined by both the refractive elements of the eye (cornea and lens) and the cone photoreceptors. The cone photoreceptors play a critical role, since they preferentially capture light from a particular location in properties of the pupil, and because they discretely sample the retinal image. The interaction of cones and the refractive properties of the eye is not well understood, and is highly variable across individuals. Understanding of this interaction has high clinical relevance, since over 1,000,000 patients a year are undergoing some form of refractive surgery. Refractive surgery does not yet take into account the large intra-subject variations. If future plans for enhanced refractive strategies are to improve vision then they must be designed with an understanding of the tradeoffs and optimizations involved in image formation. This proposal will make both basic measurements of all aspects of image formation, and ask questions as to whether the aberrations of the eye arise from random errors, or are actually in some sense beneficial, providing increased uniformity of image quality with changes in the spectral content of the retinal image. We will measure the optical quality of the eye over the visible spectrum using modern wavefront sensing techniques. Using modern optical techniques we will obtain measurements of cone directional sensitivity and cone packing density. We will validate new optical techniques using psychophysical measurements. We will combine information on the wave aberrations of the eye with the measurements of directional selectivity and packing density of the cone photoreceptors to obtain individualized estimate of retinal image quality for both monochromatic and polychromatic light. Retinal image quality will be examined as a function of age and refractive error. We will use these data to test whether the incorporation of cone information into the estimates of retinal image quality generates a better description of patient visual performance. Finally, we will test whether the cones can actively respond to changes in the eye by re-orienting. Our long-term goal is to understand the factors involved in the initial stages of image formation in the human eye, including the contributions of the cornea, lens, and cone photoreceptors, as well as their interactions.