Investigations of Human Cone Directionality

描述（由申请人提供）：眼睛是一种高度专业化的光学 系统其适当的功能需要在图像质量和 单波长和需要在宽范围的条件下操作。 视网膜图像质量是由眼睛的两个折射元件决定的 （角膜和透镜）和锥体光感受器。视锥光感受器 关键作用，因为它们优先捕获来自特定 位置在瞳孔的属性，因为他们离散采样 视网膜图像光锥的相互作用和光波导的折射特性 眼睛是不被很好地理解，是高度可变的个体。 了解这种相互作用具有高度的临床意义，因为超过 每年有100万患者接受某种形式的屈光手术。 屈光手术尚未考虑到大的受试者内 变化.如果未来的增强屈光策略计划要改善 愿景，那么它们必须在设计时了解权衡， 图像形成中涉及的优化。这一提议将使两个基本 测量图像形成的各个方面，并询问是否 眼睛的像差是由随机误差引起的，或者实际上在某些情况下， 感觉有益，提供随变化而增加的图像质量均匀性 视网膜图像的光谱内容。 我们将测量眼睛在可见光谱上的光学质量， 现代波前传感技术。利用现代光学技术， 获得锥体方向灵敏度和锥体填充密度的测量值。 我们将使用心理物理测量来验证新的光学技术。我们 将联合收割机将眼睛波像差的信息与 圆锥的方向选择性和堆积密度的测量 获得视网膜图像质量的个体化估计， 单色光和多色光。视网膜图像质量将 作为年龄和屈光不正的函数进行检查。我们将使用这些数据来 测试是否将锥体信息纳入估计值 视网膜图像质量产生对患者视觉的更好描述 性能最后，我们将测试视锥细胞是否能积极地响应 通过重新定向来改变眼睛。我们的长期目标是了解 涉及人眼中图像形成的初始阶段的因素， 包括角膜、透镜和锥体光感受器的贡献， 以及他们的互动。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The eye is a highly specialized optical system. Its proper function requires tradeoffs between image quality at a single wavelength and the need to operate over a wide range of conditions., Retinal image quality is determined by both the refractive elements of the eye (cornea and lens) and the cone photoreceptors. The cone photoreceptors play a critical role, since they preferentially capture light from a particular location in properties of the pupil, and because they discretely sample the retinal image. The interaction of cones and the refractive properties of the eye is not well understood, and is highly variable across individuals. Understanding of this interaction has high clinical relevance, since over 1,000,000 patients a year are undergoing some form of refractive surgery. Refractive surgery does not yet take into account the large intra-subject variations. If future plans for enhanced refractive strategies are to improve vision then they must be designed with an understanding of the tradeoffs and optimizations involved in image formation. This proposal will make both basic measurements of all aspects of image formation, and ask questions as to whether the aberrations of the eye arise from random errors, or are actually in some sense beneficial, providing increased uniformity of image quality with changes in the spectral content of the retinal image. We will measure the optical quality of the eye over the visible spectrum using modern wavefront sensing techniques. Using modern optical techniques we will obtain measurements of cone directional sensitivity and cone packing density. We will validate new optical techniques using psychophysical measurements. We will combine information on the wave aberrations of the eye with the measurements of directional selectivity and packing density of the cone photoreceptors to obtain individualized estimate of retinal image quality for both monochromatic and polychromatic light. Retinal image quality will be examined as a function of age and refractive error. We will use these data to test whether the incorporation of cone information into the estimates of retinal image quality generates a better description of patient visual performance. Finally, we will test whether the cones can actively respond to changes in the eye by re-orienting. Our long-term goal is to understand the factors involved in the initial stages of image formation in the human eye, including the contributions of the cornea, lens, and cone photoreceptors, as well as their interactions.