Elucidating understanding and realising device improvements in halide perovskite tandem cells through construction of a high-throughput characterisati

钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）已迅速成为最有前途的新兴光伏技术。自成立以来不到十年，psc已经实现了与硅太阳能电池相当的功率转换效率，硅太阳能电池是目前的市场领导者。这种快速发展可以用卤化铅钙钛矿优异的光电性能来解释，例如高吸收系数和长载流子扩散长度，容易的合成路线产生高质量的材料，以及通过成分工程调整材料性能（例如带隙）的可能性。带隙调谐使得钙钛矿串联太阳能电池成为可能，其中两个具有不同带隙钙钛矿的子电池堆叠在彼此的顶部，允许更有效地收集太阳光谱。单结PSCs已经使用广泛的技术和器件物理越来越好理解研究。对于串联设备来说，这种情况要少得多，部分原因是研究兴趣现在才开始建立，但主要是因为这些设备系统的复杂性增加了。层和界面的数量增加了一倍以上，使得光子耦合和电子电荷收集的设计和理解成为一项技术挑战，但也是最重要的挑战之一。此外，一个亚细胞中的过程往往不能完全独立于另一个亚细胞进行研究。由于制造和测量非常耗时，通常只研究少量的样品。这导致了文献中相互矛盾和难以重复的报道。在这个项目中，我们的目标是开发新的高通量电子和光学表征方法，并利用这些方法进一步了解串联psc的能量和光子特性。目的1：设计并建立一个高通量装置来研究运行中串联器件中各个接口的光电过程。目标2：使用定制的装置测量串联psc的基本电学特性，并研究这些特性在操作条件（偏置和照明）下的变化。目标3：模拟器件行为，包括光子结构，以最大限度地提高光吸收和器件性能。

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly become the most promising emerging photovoltaic technology. Less than a decade since their inception, PSCs have already achieved power conversion efficiencies comparable to silicon solar cells, the current market leader. This rapid development can be explained by the excellent optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskites, such as high absorption coefficients and long carrier diffusion lengths, facile synthesis routes yielding high quality material and the possibility to tune material properties, such as the bandgap, by compositional engineering. Bandgap tuning makes it possible to make a perovskite tandem solar cell, where two sub-cells with a different bandgap perovskite are stacked on top of each other, allowing more efficient harvesting of the solar spectrum.Single junction PSCs have been studied using a wide range of techniques and device physics are increasingly well understood. This is much less the case for tandem devices, in part because research interest is only building now, but mainly because of the increased complexity of these device systems. The number of layers and interfaces is more than doubled, making design and understanding of photonic in-coupling and electronic charge collection a technical challenge, but one of paramount importance. In addition, processes in one of the sub-cells often cannot be studied fully independently from the other sub-cell.As fabrication and measurements are very time consuming, typically a minimal amount of samples is studied. This has led to contradictory and poorly reproducible reports in literature. In this project we aim to develop new high-throughput electronic and optical characterisation methods and use these to further our understanding of the energetic and photonic properties of tandem PSCs.ObjectivesObjective 1: Design and build a high-throughput setup to study optoelectronic processes at individual interfaces in tandem devices under operation.Objective 2: Measure fundamental electrical properties of tandem PSCs using the custom-built setup and study how these properties evolve under operating conditions (bias and illumination).Objective 3: Simulating device behaviour including photonic structures to maximise light absorption and device performance.