The effectiveness and social implications of economic incentives for conservation: a case study in Ruaha, Tanzania

保护经济激励措施的有效性和社会影响：坦桑尼亚鲁阿哈的案例研究

• 批准号: 2438354
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Leeds
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2438354
• 关键词: effectiveness; social; implications; economic; incentives

Many charismatic large carnivores have undergone severe declines in range and population. Whilst these species - such as the African lion (Panthera leo) - are regularly valued highly at a global level, they frequently impose significant local costs to communities. These are often borne by pastoralists in poor rural areas, who are among those least able to tolerate such costs. Whilst human-carnivore relations represent a complex issue with multiple social, economic and cultural factors - including human-human conflict - economic losses through livestock predation are often a key determinant. With the remaining lion populations in Africa predominantly inhabiting human-dominated matrices, retaliatory and non-retaliatory killings are pervasive throughout the lion range and are considered their primary threat in East Africa. Some conservation approaches have attempted mitigate this by providing 'payments to encourage co-existence' (PEC). These aim to offset the diverse costs imposed by large carnivores and divide broadly between those that provide compensation for livestock lost to predation, and those that aim to foster coexistence by linking the presence of large carnivores to economic incentives such as subsidised veterinary medicines and healthcare. In East Africa, communities coexisting with large carnivores are often traditional pastoralists, materially and socially dependent upon their livestock and particularly vulnerable to 'cultural poverty-traps'. With the obligation to alleviate such poverty described by some conservationists as a 'moral imperative', the potential of PEC approaches to benefit both poor rural communities and threatened carnivores has been acknowledged. The objectives of this research are to examine the role and efficacy of a multi-incentive PEC scheme in changing perceptions of - and behaviour towards - large carnivores in addition to delivering social good.This project spans disciplines and draws from multiple theoretical frameworks; grounded in ecological economics, it shares significant thematic and semantic similarities with the related 'payments for ecosystem services' literature. Furthermore, this project draws heavily from wider socio-psychological theories of human-carnivore coexistence, including models for hazard acceptance and wildlife tolerance. These bodies of literature have identified several themes relevant to the objectives of this project. The first concerns the potential of economic incentives to act differentially within communities, such as resulting in women in particular to call for better conservation practices. The second key theme drawn from these frameworks concerns the social justice implications of economic incentives for conservation, particularly regarding the balance of benefits and costs within communities.

许多有魅力的大型食肉动物的活动范围和数量都急剧下降。虽然非洲狮（Panthera leo）等物种在全球范围内通常受到高度重视，但它们经常给当地社区带来巨大的成本。这些费用往往由贫困农村地区的牧民承担，他们是最无法承受这些费用的人之一。虽然人与食肉动物的关系是一个复杂的问题，涉及多种社会、经济和文化因素——包括人与人之间的冲突——但牲畜被捕食造成的经济损失往往是一个关键的决定因素。由于非洲剩余的狮子种群主要居住在人类主导的栖息地，报复性和非报复性杀戮在整个狮子分布范围内普遍存在，被认为是它们在东非的主要威胁。一些保护方法试图通过提供“奖励共存”（PEC）来缓解这种情况。这些措施的目的是抵消大型食肉动物造成的各种成本，并在很大程度上分为两类：一类是为因捕食而损失的牲畜提供补偿，另一类是通过将大型食肉动物的存在与补贴兽药和医疗保健等经济激励措施联系起来，以促进共存。在东非，与大型食肉动物共存的社区往往是传统的牧民，他们在物质上和社会上都依赖于牲畜，特别容易受到“文化贫困陷阱”的影响。一些自然资源保护主义者将减轻这种贫困的义务描述为一种“道德责任”，人们已经认识到，PEC方法对贫穷的农村社区和受威胁的食肉动物都有好处。本研究的目的是检验多激励PEC计划在改变对大型食肉动物的看法和行为方面的作用和功效，以及提供社会福利。这个项目跨越多个学科，借鉴了多个理论框架；它以生态经济学为基础，与相关的“生态系统服务支付”文献具有显著的主题和语义相似性。此外，该项目大量借鉴了人类与食肉动物共存的更广泛的社会心理学理论，包括危险接受和野生动物容忍模型。这些文献已经确定了与本项目目标相关的几个主题。第一个问题涉及在社区内采取不同行动的经济激励的潜力，例如导致特别是妇女呼吁采取更好的保护措施。从这些框架中得出的第二个关键主题涉及保护的经济激励对社会正义的影响，特别是关于社区内利益和成本的平衡。